火星水冰分布特征和研究进展

刘正豪; 刘洋; 刘佳; 牛胜利; 邹永廖

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2023.205

Volume 49 Issue 6

Jun. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Earth Science > 2024 > 49(6): 2253-2276

Liu Zhenghao, Liu Yang, Liu Jia, Niu Shengli, Zou Yongliao, 2024. Distribution Characteristics and Research Progress of Water-Ice on Mars. Earth Science, 49(6): 2253-2276. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.205

Citation:

Liu Zhenghao, Liu Yang, Liu Jia, Niu Shengli, Zou Yongliao, 2024. Distribution Characteristics and Research Progress of Water-Ice on Mars. Earth Science, 49(6): 2253-2276. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.205

Liu Zhenghao, Liu Yang, Liu Jia, Niu Shengli, Zou Yongliao, 2024. Distribution Characteristics and Research Progress of Water-Ice on Mars. Earth Science, 49(6): 2253-2276. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.205

Citation:

PDF( 25996 KB)

Distribution Characteristics and Research Progress of Water-Ice on Mars

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.205

Liu Zhenghao^{1, 2
,
,},
Liu Yang^{1, 3
,
,},
Liu Jia¹,
Niu Shengli¹,
Zou Yongliao¹

1.
State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China

Received Date: 2023-09-25
Available Online: 2024-07-11
Publish Date: 2024-06-25

Abstract

Abstract

Mars, as a planet in the solar system similar to Earth, once had a history of active water activities. However, its current thin atmosphere and cold, arid climate make it difficult for liquid water to exist on the Martian surface. Water on modern Mars is mostly present in the form of ice at the polar regions and mid-latitude areas, forming various types of depositional landforms. With the growing number of deep space exploration missions, the water-ice environment and habitability of Mars have attracted more attention. In this article it focuses on polar ice caps, glacial landforms in mid-latitudes and sublimation landforms of shallow subsurface water-ice in mid-latitudes. It introduces and analyzes their morphological characteristics, distribution, formation mechanisms, and their coupling with the climate. The formation of mid-latitude water-ice landforms on Mars is, due to the migration of polar water-ice to the mid-latitude surface when Mars is at a high obliquity, transitioning to a cold glacial period in those regions. Conversely, this leads to an expansion of polar ice cap regions. Thus, the periodic changes in Martian obliquity have driven climate variations and the subsequent redistribution of water-ice on the Martian surface, characterized by a cyclic enrichment from polar to mid-high latitude regions. By summarizing the distribution characteristics of water-ice on Mars, our understanding of the Martian water-ice environment is improved. Also, several prospects on the future research directions are provided based on the current research status of Martian water-ice. The Martian water-ice landforms are closely linked to the habitable environment and potential forms of life on Mars. Studying water-ice on Mars can help us gain insights into Martian climate evolution history, habitability conditions, and provide support for future Mars exploration missions.
- Martian water-ice,
- ice sheets,
- glaciers,
- geomorphology characteristic,
- climate evolution,
- planetary geology

FullText(HTML)

References(137)

References

Appéré, T., Schmitt, B., Langevin, Y., et al., 2011. Winter and Spring Evolution of Northern Seasonal Deposits on Mars from OMEGA on Mars Express. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 116(E5): E05001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010je003762

Arfstrom, J., Hartmann, W. K., 2005. Martian Flow Features, Moraine-Like Ridges, and Gullies: Terrestrial Analogs and Interrelationships. Icarus, 174(2): 321-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.026

Arnold, N. S., Conway, S. J., Butcher, F. E. G., et al., 2019. Modeled Subglacial Water Flow Routing Supports Localized Intrusive Heating as a Possible Cause of Basal Melting of Mars' South Polar Ice Cap. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 124(8): 2101-2116. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JE006061

Arvidson, R., Adams, D., Bonfiglio, G., et al., 2008. Mars Exploration Program 2007 Phoenix Landing Site Selection and Characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113(E3): E00A03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003021

Baker, D. M. H., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2010. Flow Patterns of Lobate Debris Aprons and Lineated Valley Fill North of ISMEniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for Extensive Mid-Latitude Glaciation in the Late Amazonian. Icarus, 207(1): 186-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.017

Bierson, C. J., Tulaczyk, S., Courville, S. W., et al., 2021. Strong MARSIS Radar Reflections from the Base of Martian South Polar Cap may be Due to Conductive Ice or Minerals. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(13): e2021GL093880. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093880

Brown, A. J., Calvin, W. M., Murchie, S. L., 2012. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) North Polar Springtime Recession Mapping: First 3 Mars Years of Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 117(E12): E00J20. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JE004113

Butcher, F. E. G., 2022. Water Ice at Mid-Latitudes on Mars. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.239

Butcher, F. E. G., Conway, S. J., Arnold, N. S., 2016. Are the Dorsa Argentea on Mars Eskers? Icarus, 275: 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.03.028

Byrne, S., 2009. The Polar Deposits of Mars. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37: 535-560. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100101

Byrne, S., Dundas, C. M., Kennedy, M. R., et al., 2009. Distribution of Mid-Latitude Ground Ice on Mars from New Impact Craters. Science, 325(5948): 1674-1676. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175307

Campbell, B. A., Putzig, N. E., Carter, L. M., et al., 2013. Roughness and Near-Surface Density of Mars from SHARAD Radar Echoes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(3): 436-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgre.20050

Cantor, B. A., Wolff, M. J., James, P. B., et al., 1998. Regression of Martian North Polar Cap: 1990—1997 Hubble Space Telescope Observations. Icarus, 136(2): 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1998.6020

Carr, M. H., 2007. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Carr, M. H., Schaber, G. G., 1977. Martian Permafrost Features. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82(28): 4039-4054. https://doi.org/10.1029/JS082i028p04039

Christensen, P. R., 2003. Formation of Recent Martian Gullies through Melting of Extensive Water-Rich Snow Deposits. Nature, 422: 45-48. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01436

Chuang, F., Crown, D., 2005. Surface Characteristics and Degradational History of Debris Aprons in the Tempe Terra/Mareotis Fossae Region of Mars. Icarus, 179(1): 24-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.05.014

Clark, B. R., Mullin, R. P., 1976. Martian Glaciation and the Flow of Solid CO₂. Icarus, 27(2): 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(76)90005-1

Clifford, S. M., Crisp, D., Fisher, D. A., et al., 2000. The State and Future of Mars Polar Science and Exploration. Icarus, 144(2): 210-242. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6290

Conway, S. J., Balme, M. R., 2014. Decameter Thick Remnant Glacial Ice Deposits on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(15): 5402-5409. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060314

Conway, S. J., Butcher, F. E. G., de Haas, T., et al., 2018. Glacial and Gully Erosion on Mars: A Terrestrial Perspective. Geomorphology, 318: 26-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.019

Conway, S. J., de Haas, T., Harrison, T. N., 2019. Martian Gullies: A Comprehensive Review of Observations, Mechanisms and Insights from Earth Analogues. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 467(1): 7-66. https://doi.org/10.1144/sp467.14

Costard, F. M., Kargel, J. S., 1995. Outwash Plains and Thermokarst on Mars. Icarus, 114(1): 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1995.1046

Dickson, J. L., Head, J. W., Fassett, C. I., 2012. Patterns of Accumulation and Flow of Ice in the Mid-Latitudes of Mars during the Amazonian. Icarus, 219(2): 723-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2012.03.010

Dickson, J. L., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2010. Kilometer-Thick Ice Accumulation and Glaciation in the Northern Mid-Latitudes of Mars: Evidence for Crater-Filling Events in the Late Amazonian at the Phlegra Montes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 294(3-4): 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.031

Dundas, C. M., Bramson, A. M., Ojha, L., et al., 2018. Exposed Subsurface Ice Sheets in the Martian Mid-Latitudes. Science, 359(6372): 199-201. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao1619

Dundas, C. M., Byrne, S., McEwen, A. S., et al., 2014. HiRISE Observations of New Impact Craters Exposing Martian Ground Ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 119(1): 109-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004482

Dundas, C. M., McEwen, A. S., Chojnacki, M., et al., 2017. Granular Flows at Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars Indicate a Limited Role for Liquid Water. Nature Geoscience, 10: 903-907. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-017-0012-5

Dundas, C. M., Mellon, M. T., Conway, S. J., et al., 2021. Widespread Exposures of Extensive Clean Shallow Ice in the Midlatitudes of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 126(3): e2020JE006617. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006617

Fassett, C. I., Levy, J. S., Dickson, J. L., et al., 2014. An Extended Period of Episodic Northern Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars during the Middle to Late Amazonian: Implications for Long-Term Obliquity History. Geology, 42(9): 763-766. https://doi.org/10.1130/g35798.1

Fastook, J. L., Head, J. W., 2014. Amazonian Mid- to High-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: Supply-Limited Ice Sources, Ice Accumulation Patterns, and Concentric Crater Fill Glacial Flow and Ice Sequestration. Planetary and Space Science, 91: 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2013.12.002

Fastook, J. L., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2014. Formation of Lobate Debris Aprons on Mars: Assessment of Regional Ice Sheet Collapse and Debris-Cover Armoring. Icarus, 228: 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.025

Feldman, W. C., Prettyman, T. H., Maurice, S., et al., 2004. Global Distribution of Near-Surface Hydrogen on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 109(E9): E09006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JE002160

Fenton, L. K., Herkenhoff, K. E., 2000. Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry. Icarus, 147(2): 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6459

Fisher, D., 2005. A Process to Make Massive Ice in the Martian Regolith Using Long-Term Diffusion and Thermal Cracking. Icarus, 179(2): 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.07.024

Forget, F., Haberle, R. M., Montmessin, F., et al., 2006. Formation of Glaciers on Mars by Atmospheric Precipitation at High Obliquity. Science, 311(5759): 368-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120335

Gatto, L. W., Anderson, D. M., 1975. Alaskan Thermokarst Terrain and Possible Martian Analog. Science, 188(4185): 255-7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.188.4185.255

Grima, C., Mouginot, J., Kofman, W., et al., 2022. The Basal Detectability of an Ice-Covered Mars by MARSIS. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2): e2021GL096518. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl096518

Guallini, L., Rossi, A. P., Lauro, S. E., et al., 2014. "Unconformity-Bounded" Stratigraphic Units in the South Polar Layered Deposits (Promethei Lingula, Mars). In: Rocha, R., Pais, J., Kullberg, J., et al., eds. . STRATI 2013. Springer Geology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04364-7_65

Hamilton, C. W., Fagents, S. A., Wilson, L., 2010. Explosive Lava-Water Interactions in Elysium Planitia, Mars: Geologic and Thermodynamic Constraints on the Formation of the Tartarus Colles Cone Groups. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 115(E9): E09006. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003546

Harish, Vijayan, S., Mangold, N., et al., 2020. Water-Ice Exposing Scarps within the Northern Midlatitude Craters on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(14): e2020GL089057. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089057

Hauber, E., van Gasselt, S., Chapman, M. G., et al., 2008. Geomorphic Evidence for Former Lobate Debris Aprons at Low Latitudes on Mars: Indicators of the Martian Paleoclimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113(E2): E02007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE002897

Hauber, E., van Gasselt, S., Ivanov, B., et al., 2005. Discovery of a Flank Caldera and Very Young Glacial Activity at Hecates Tholus, Mars. Nature, 434: 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03423

Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., Agnew, M. C., et al., 2006a. Extensive Valley Glacier Deposits in the Northern Mid-Latitudes of Mars: Evidence for Late Amazonian Obliquity-Driven Climate Change. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241(3/4): 663-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.016

Head, J. W., Nahm, A. L., Marchant, D. R., et al., 2006b. Modification of the Dichotomy Boundary on Mars by Amazonian Mid-Latitude Regional Glaciation. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(8): L08S03. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024360

Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., Dickson, J. L., et al., 2010. Northern Mid-Latitude Glaciation in the Late Amazonian Period of Mars: Criteria for the Recognition of Debris-Covered Glacier and Valley Glacier Landsystem Deposits. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 294(3-4): 306-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.041

Head, J. W., Mustard, J. F., Kreslavsky, M. A., et al., 2003. Recent Ice Ages on Mars. Nature, 426: 797-802. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02114

Head, J. W., Pratt, S., 2001. Extensive Hesperian-Aged South Polar Ice Sheet on Mars: Evidence for Massive Melting and Retreat, and Lateral Flow and Ponding of Meltwater. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 106(E6): 12275-12299. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001359

Herkenhoff, K. E., Byrne, S., Russell, P. S., et al., 2007. Meter-Scale Morphology of the North Polar Region of Mars. Science, 317(5845): 1711-1715. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143544

Herkenhoff, K. . E., Plaut, J. J., 2000. Surface Ages and Resurfacing Rates of the Polar Layered Deposits on Mars. Icarus, 144(2): 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6287

Hoffman, N., 2002. Active Polar Gullies on Mars and the Role of Carbon Dioxide. Astrobiology, 2(3): 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1089/153110702762027899

Holt, J. W., Safaeinili, A., Plaut, J. J., et al., 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Buried Glaciers in the Southern Mid-Latitudes of Mars. Science, 322(5905): 1235-1238. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164246

Hubbard, B., Milliken, R. E., Kargel, J. S., et al., 2011. Geomorphological Characterisation and Interpretation of a Mid-Latitude Glacier-Like Form: Hellas Planitia, Mars. Icarus, 211(1): 330-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.021

Jaumann, R., Neukum, G., Behnke, T., et al., 2007. The High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) Experiment on Mars Express: Instrument Aspects and Experiment Conduct from Interplanetary Cruise through the Nominal Mission. Planetary and Space Science, 55(7-8): 928-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2006.12.003.

Jing, H. M., Zhang, H., Li, H., et al., 2011. Parallel Numerical Analysis on the Rheology of the Martian Ice-Rock Mixture. Journal of Earth Science, 22(2): 176-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-011-0170-0

Kadish, S. J., Head, J. W., 2011. Preservation of Layered Paleodeposits in High-Latitude Pedestal Craters on Mars. Icarus, 213(2): 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2011.03.029

Kadish, S., Head, J., Parsons, R., et al., 2008. The Ascraeus Mons Fan-Shaped Deposit: Volcano–Ice Interactions and the Climatic Implications of Cold-Based Tropical Mountain Glaciation. Icarus, 197(1): 84-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.03.019

Khuller, A. R., Christensen, P. R., 2021. Evidence of Exposed Dusty Water Ice within Martian Gullies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 126(2): e2020JE006539. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020je006539

Kieffer, H. H., Chase, S. C., Martin, T. Z., et al., 1976. Martian North Pole Summer Temperatures: Dirty Water Ice. Science, 194(4271): 1341-1344. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1341

Kieffer, H. H., Christensen, P. R., Titus, T. N., 2006. CO₂ Jets Formed by Sublimation beneath Translucent Slab Ice in Mars' Seasonal South Polar Ice Cap. Nature, 442: 793-796. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04945

Kolb, E. J., Tanaka, K. L., 2001. Geologic History of the Polar Regions of Mars Based on Mars Global Surveyor Data Ⅱ. Amazonian Period. Icarus, 154(1): 22-39. https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6676

Kostama, V. P., Kreslavsky, M. A., Head, J. W., 2006. Recent High-Latitude Icy Mantle in the Northern Plains of Mars: Characteristics and Ages of Emplacement. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(11): L11201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025946

Krasilnikov, S. S., Kuzmin, R. O., Evdokimova, N. A., 2018. Remnant Massifs of Layered Deposits at High Northern Latitudes of Mars. Solar System Research, 52(1): 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0038094617060065

Lalich, D. E., Hayes, A. G., Poggiali, V., 2022. Explaining Bright Radar Reflections below the South Pole of Mars without Liquid Water. Nature Astronomy, 6: 1142-1146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01775-z

Langevin, Y., Poulet, F., Bibring, J. P., et al., 2005. Summer Evolution of the North Polar Cap of Mars as Observed by OMEGA/Mars Express. Science, 307(5715): 1581-1584. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109438

Laskar, J., Correia, A. C. M., Gastineau, M., et al., 2004. Long Term Evolution and Chaotic Diffusion of the Insolation Quantities of Mars. Icarus, 170(2): 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.04.005

Lauro, S. E., Pettinelli, E., Caprarelli, G., et al., 2021. Multiple Subglacial Water Bodies below the South Pole of Mars Unveiled by New MARSIS Data. Nature Astronomy, 5: 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6

Lefort, A., Russell, P. S., Thomas, N., et al., 2009. Observations of Periglacial Landforms in Utopia Planitia with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 114(E4): E04005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008je003264

Lefort, A., Russell, P. S., Thomas, N., 2010. Scalloped Terrains in the Peneus and Amphitrites Paterae Region of Mars as Observed by HiRISE. Icarus, 205(1): 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.06.005

Leighton, R. B., Murray, B. C., 1966. Behavior of Carbon Dioxide and Other Volatiles on Mars. Science, 153(3732): 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.153.3732.136

Levrard, B., Forget, F., Montmessin, F., et al., 2004. Recent Ice-Rich Deposits Formed at High Latitudes on Mars by Sublimation of Unstable Equatorial Ice during Low Obliquity. Nature, 431: 1072-1075. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03055

Levrard, B., Forget, F., Montmessin, F., et al., 2007. Recent Formation and Evolution of Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits as Inferred from a Global Climate Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 112(E6): E06012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002772

Levy, J., Head, J., Marchant, D., 2009a. Thermal Contraction Crack Polygons on Mars: Classification, Distribution, and Climate Implications from HiRISE Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 114(E1): E01007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008je003273

Levy, J. S., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2009b. Concentric Crater Fill in Utopia Planitia: History and Interaction between Glacial "Brain Terrain" and Periglacial Mantle Processes. Icarus, 202(2): 462-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.018

Levy, J., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2010. Concentric Crater Fill in the Northern Mid-Latitudes of Mars: Formation Processes and Relationships to Similar Landforms of Glacial Origin. Icarus, 209(2): 390-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.036

Levy, J. S., Fassett, C. I., Head, J. W., et al., 2014. Sequestered Glacial Ice Contribution to the Global Martian Water Budget: Geometric Constraints on the Volume of Remnant, Midlatitude Debris-Covered Glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 119(10): 2188-2196. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004685

Li, C., Zheng, Y. K., Wang, X., et al., 2022. Layered Subsurface in Utopia Basin of Mars Revealed by Zhurong Rover Radar. Nature, 610: 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05147-5

Li, H., Robinson, M. S., Jurdy, D. M., 2005. Origin of Martian Northern Hemisphere Mid-Latitude Lobate Debris Aprons. Icarus, 176(2): 382-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.02.011

Liu, Y., Liu, Z. H., Wu, X., et al., 2021. Evolution of Water Environment on Mars. Acta Geologica Sinica, 95(9): 2725-2741 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Lucchitta, B. K., 1981. Mars and Earth: Comparison of Cold-Climate Features. Icarus, 45(2): 264-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(81)90035-x

Lucchitta, B. K., 1984. Ice and Debris in the Fretted Terrain, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 89(S02): B409-B418. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iS02p0B409

Madeleine, J. B., Forget, F., Head, J. W., et al., 2009. Amazonian Northern Mid-Latitude Glaciation on Mars: A Proposed Climate Scenario. Icarus, 203(2): 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.04.037

Madeleine, J. B., Head, J. W., Forget, F., et al., 2014. Recent Ice Ages on Mars: The Role of Radiatively Active Clouds and Cloud Microphysics. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(14): 4873-4879. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059861

Malin, M. C., Edgett, K. S., 2001. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary Cruise through Primary Mission. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 106(E10): 23429-23570. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001455

Mangold, N., 2003. Geomorphic Analysis of Lobate Debris Aprons on Mars at Mars Orbiter Camera Scale: Evidence for Ice Sublimation Initiated by Fractures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 108(E4): 8021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JE001885

Mangold, N., Maurice, S., Feldman, W. C., et al., 2004. Spatial Relationships between Patterned Ground and Ground Ice Detected by the Neutron Spectrometer on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 109(E8): E08001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004je002235

Mattei, E., Pettinelli, E., Lauro, S. E., et al., 2022. Assessing the Role of Clay and Salts on the Origin of MARSIS Basal Bright Reflections. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 579: 117370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117370

McGill, G. E., Hills, L. S., 1992. Origin of Giant Martian Polygons. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 97(E2): 2633-2647. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JE02863

Mellon, M. T., Arvidson, R. E., Marlow, J. J., et al., 2008a. Periglacial Landforms at the Phoenix Landing Site and the Northern Plains of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113(E3): E00A23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JE003039

Mellon, M. T., Boynton, W. V., Feldman, W. C., et al., 2008b. A Prelanding Assessment of the Ice Table Depth and Ground Ice Characteristics in Martian Permafrost at the Phoenix Landing Site. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 113(E3): E00A25. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007je003067

Mellon, M. T., Arvidson, R. E., Sizemore, H. G., et al., 2009. Ground Ice at the Phoenix Landing Site: Stability State and Origin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 114(E1): E00E07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009je003417

Milkovich, S. M., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2006. Debris-Covered Piedmont Glaciers along the Northwest Flank of the Olympus Mons Scarp: Evidence for Low-Latitude Ice Accumulation during the Late Amazonian of Mars. Icarus, 181(2): 388-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.006

Milliken, R. E., Mustard, J. F., Goldsby, D. L., 2003. Viscous Flow Features on the Surface of Mars: Observations from High-Resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) Images. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 108(E6): 5057. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je002005

Mischna, M. A., Richardson, M. I., Wilson, R. J., et al., 2003. On the Orbital Forcing of Martian Water and CO₂ Cycles: A General Circulation Model Study with Simplified Volatile Schemes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 108(E6): 5062. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003je002051

Morgan, G. A., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2009. Lineated Valley Fill (LVF) and Lobate Debris Aprons (LDA) in the Deuteronilus Mensae Northern Dichotomy Boundary Region, Mars: Constraints on the Extent, Age and Episodicity of Amazonian Glacial Events. Icarus, 202(1): 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.017

Morgan, G. A., Putzig, N. E., Perry, M. R., et al., 2021. Availability of Subsurface Water-Ice Resources in the Northern Mid-Latitudes of Mars. Nature Astronomy, 5: 230-236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-01290-z

Mouginot, J., Kofman, W., Safaeinili, A., et al., 2009. MARSIS Surface Reflectivity of the South Residual Cap of Mars. Icarus, 201(2): 454-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2009.01.009

Mouginot, J., Pommerol, A., Kofman, W., et al., 2010. The 3-5 MHz Global Reflectivity Map of Mars by MARSIS/Mars Express: Implications for the Current Inventory of Subsurface H₂O. Icarus, 210(2): 612-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.07.003

Musselwhite, D. S., Swindle, T. D., Lunine, J. I., 2001. Liquid CO₂ Breakout and the Formation of Recent Small Gullies on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(7): 1283-1285. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012496

Mustard, J. F., Cooper, C. D., Rifkin, M. K., 2001. Evidence for Recent Climate Change on Mars from the Identification of Youthful Near-Surface Ground Ice. Nature, 412: 411-414. https://doi.org/10.1038/35086515

Mutch, T. A., Arvidson, R. E., Binder, A. B., et al., 1977. The Geology of the Viking Lander 2 Site. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82(28): 4452-4467. https://doi.org/10.1029/JS082i028p04452

Ng, F. S. L., Zuber, M. T., 2006. Patterning Instability on the Mars Polar Ice Caps. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 111(E2): E02005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005je002533

Orosei, R., Lauro, S. E., Pettinelli, E., et al., 2018. Radar Evidence of Subglacial Liquid Water on Mars. Science, 361(6401): 490-493. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar7268

Pathare, A. V., Feldman, W. C., Prettyman, T. H., et al., 2018. Driven by Excess? Climatic Implications of New Global Mapping of Near-Surface Water-Equivalent Hydrogen on Mars. Icarus, 301: 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.09.031

Pierce, T. L., Crown, D. A., 2003. Morphologic and Topographic Analyses of Debris Aprons in the Eastern Hellas Region, Mars. Icarus, 163(1): 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00046-0

Plaut, J. J., Picardi, G., Safaeinili, A., et al., 2007. Subsurface Radar Sounding of the South Polar Layered Deposits of Mars. Science, 316(5821): 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139672

Plaut, J. J., Safaeinili, A., Holt, J. W., et al., 2009. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(2): L02203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036379

Plug, L. J., Werner, B. T., 2001. Fracture Networks in Frozen Ground. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B5): 8599-8613. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900320

Schon, S. C., Head, J. W., Fassett, C. I., 2012. Recent High-Latitude Resurfacing by a Climate-Related Latitude-Dependent Mantle: Constraining Age of Emplacement from Counts of Small Craters. Planetary and Space Science, 69(1): 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.015

Séjourné, A., Costard, F., Gargani, J., et al., 2011. Scalloped Depressions and Small-Sized Polygons in Western Utopia Planitia, Mars: A New Formation Hypothesis. Planetary and Space Science, 59(5-6): 412-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2011.01.007

Séjourné, A., Costard, F., Swirad, Z. M., et al., 2019. Grid Mapping the Northern Plains of Mars: Using Morphotype and Distribution of Ice-Related Landforms to Understand Multiple Ice-Rich Deposits in Utopia Planitia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 124(2): 483-503. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005665

Sharp, R. P., 1973. Mars: Fretted and Chaotic Terrains. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78(20): 4073-4083. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i020p04073

Shean, D. E., 2010. Candidate Ice-Rich Material within Equatorial Craters on Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(24): L24202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045181

Shean, D. E., Head, J. W. Ⅲ, Fastook, J. L., et al., 2007. Recent Glaciation at High Elevations on Arsia Mons, Mars: Implications for the Formation and Evolution of Large Tropical Mountain Glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 112(E3): E03004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JE002761

Shean, D. E., Head, J. W., Marchant, D. R., 2005. Origin and Evolution of a Cold-Based Tropical Mountain Glacier on Mars: The Pavonis Mons Fan-Shaped Deposit. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 110(E5): E05001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004je002360

Sizemore, H. G., Zent, A. P., Rempel, A. W., 2015. Initiation and Growth of Martian Ice Lenses. Icarus, 251: 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.013

Smith, I. B., 2022. A Retrospective on Mars Polar Ice and Climate. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Smith, I. B., Lalich, D. E., Rezza, C., et al., 2021. A Solid Interpretation of Bright Radar Reflectors under the Mars South Polar Ice. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(15): e2021GL093618. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093618

Smith, I. B., Putzig, N. E., Holt, J. W., et al., 2016. An Ice Age Recorded in the Polar Deposits of Mars. Science, 352(6289): 1075-1078. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad6968

Smith, P. H., Tamppari, L. K., Arvidson, R. E., et al., 2009. H₂O at the Phoenix Landing Site. Science, 325(5936): 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172339

Soderblom, L. A., Kreidler, T. J., Masursky, H., 1973. Latitudinal Distribution of a Debris Mantle on the Martian Surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78(20): 4117-4122. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb078i020p04117

Sori, M. M., Bramson, A. M., 2019. Water on Mars, with a Grain of Salt: Local Heat Anomalies are Required for Basal Melting of Ice at the South Pole Today. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(3): 1222-1231. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080985.

Squyres, S. W., 1978. Martian Fretted Terrain: Flow of Erosional Debris. Icarus, 34(3): 600-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(78)90048-9

Squyres, S. W., 1979. The Distribution of Lobate Debris Aprons and Similar Flows on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 84(B14): 8087-8096. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB084iB14p08087

Squyres, S. W., Carr, M. H., 1986. Geomorphic Evidence for the Distribution of Ground Ice on Mars. Science, 231(4735): 249-252. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4735.249

Tanaka, K., Rodriguez, J., Skinnerjr, J., et al., 2008. North Polar Region of Mars: Advances in Stratigraphy, Structure, and Erosional Modification. Icarus, 196(2): 318-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.021

Titus, T. N., Kieffer, H. H., Christensen, P. R., 2003. Exposed Water Ice Discovered near the South Pole of Mars. Science, 299(5609): 1048-1051. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080497

Treiman, A. H., 2003. Geologic Settings of Martian Gullies: Implications for Their Origins. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 108(E4): 8031. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002je001900

Tulaczyk, S. M., Foley, N. T., 2020. The Role of Electrical Conductivity in Radar Wave Reflection from Glacier Beds. The Cryosphere, 14(12): 4495-4506. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4495-2020

Wagstaff, K. L., Titus, T. N., Ivanov, A. B., et al., 2008. Observations of the North Polar Water Ice Annulus on Mars Using THEMIS and TES. Planetary and Space Science, 56(2): 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2007.08.008

Warner, N. H., Gupta, S., Calef, F., et al., 2015. Minimum Effective Area for High Resolution Crater Counting of Martian Terrains. Icarus, 245: 198-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.09.024

Xiao, L., 2022. What Geological Habitability Evolution did Mars Undergo? Earth Science, 47(10): 3792-3793(in Chinese).

Xiao, L., 2023. Evolution of the Geological Environment and Exploration for Life on Mars. Journal of Earth Science, 34(5): 1626-1628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-023-1929-7

Zhao, J. N., Shi, Y. T., Zhang, M. J., et al., 2021. Advances in Martian Water-Related Landforms. Acta Geologica Sinica, 95(9): 2755-2768 (in Chinese with English abstract).

刘洋, 刘正豪, 吴兴, 等, 2021. 火星的水环境演化. 地质学报, 95(9): 2725-2741. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2021.09.007

肖龙, 2022. 火星的地质环境及宜居性演变历史如何?地球科学, 47(10): 3792-3793. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.811

赵健楠, 史语桐, 张明杰, 等, 2021. 火星水成地貌研究进展. 地质学报, 95(9): 2755-2768. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5717.2021.09.009

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views