现代北太平洋中层水研究进展综述

刘辉; 宫勋

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

Volume 49 Issue 8

Aug. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Earth Science > 2024 > 49(8): 2914-2924

Liu Hui, Gong Xun, 2024. Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean. Earth Science, 49(8): 2914-2924. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

Citation:

Liu Hui, Gong Xun, 2024. Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean. Earth Science, 49(8): 2914-2924. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

Liu Hui, Gong Xun, 2024. Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean. Earth Science, 49(8): 2914-2924. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

Citation:

Liu Hui, Gong Xun, 2024. Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean. Earth Science, 49(8): 2914-2924. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

PDF( 4886 KB)

Revisiting North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Modern Ocean

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2024.036

Liu Hui^{1
,
,},
Gong Xun^{1, 2, 3
,
,
,}

1.
Institute for Advanced Marine Research, China University of Geosciences, Guangzhou 511462, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China

Received Date: 2024-01-22
Publish Date: 2024-08-25

Abstract

Abstract

North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is the largest water mass that originates in the North Pacific Ocean, and the process of NPIW formation acts as the only channel that links surface and the deep water in the North Pacific. Within the atmosphere-ocean coupled system, vertical mixture and ventilation process associated with NPIW circulation plays critical roles in changing marine carbon cycle and marine ecosystem, thus important to understand the global warming and its future projection. Physical oceanographic studies of NPIW have been performed mainly since the 1970s. Most of existing studies about NPIW rely on cruise section and CTD data, in combination of numerical simulation. In this work, we provide a review about the studies about the modern NPIW to constrain the problems and prospects: To characterize a tendency and variability across Seasonal, interannual and decadal time scales in the modern NPIW; To explore physics of NPIW in response to atmosphere and upper ocean processes; To explore stability of NPIW and its feedback to the global warming.
- North Pacific intermediate water,
- intermediate-layer ocean circulation,
- vertical water exchange,
- marine geology

FullText(HTML)

References(80)

References

Alexander, M. A., Bladé, I., Newman, M., et al., 2002. The Atmospheric Bridge: The Influence of ENSO Teleconnections on Air-Sea Interaction over the Global Oceans. Journal of Climate, 15(16): 2205-2231. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2

Andreev, A. G., Kusakabe, M., 2001. Interdecadal Variability in Dissolved Oxygen in the Intermediate Water Layer of the Western Subarctic Gyre and Kuril Basin (Okhotsk Sea). Geophysical Research Letters, 28(12): 2453-2456. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012688

Auad, G., Kennett, J. P., Miller, A. J., 2003. North Pacific Intermediate Water Response to a Modern Climate Warming Shift. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C11): 3349-3362. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001987

Bingham, F. M., Lukas, R., 1994. The Southward Intrusion of North Pacific Intermediate Water along the Mindanao Coast. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 24(1): 141-154. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0141:TSIONP>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0141:TSIONP>2.0.CO;2

Bostock, H. C., Opdyke, B. N., Williams, M. J. M., 2010. Characterising the Intermediate Depth Waters of the Pacific Ocean Using δ¹³C and Other Geochemical Tracers. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57(7): 847-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.04.005

Busecke, J. J. M., Resplandy, L., Ditkovsky, S. J., et al., 2022. Diverging Fates of the Pacific Ocean Oxygen Minimum Zone and Its Core in a Warming World. AGU Advances, 3(6): e2021AV000470. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000470

Caesar, L., Rahmstorf, S., Robinson, A., et al., 2018. Observed Fingerprint of a Weakening Atlantic Ocean Overturning Circulation. Nature, 556(7700): 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0006-5

Davis, C. V., Sibert, E. C., Jacobs, P. H., et al., 2023. Intermediate Water Circulation Drives Distribution of Pliocene Oxygen Minimum Zones. Nature Communications, 14(1): 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35083-x

de Boyer Montégut, C., Madec, G., Fischer, A. S., et al., 2004. Mixed Layer Depth over the Global Ocean: An Examination of Profile Data and a Profile-Based Climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C12): C12003. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002378

Di Lorenzo, E., Xu, T., Zhao, Y., et al., 2023. Modes and Mechanisms of Pacific Decadal-Scale Variability. Annual Review of Marine Science, 15(1): 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-040422-084555

Ditlevsen, P., Ditlevsen, S., 2023. Warning of a Forthcoming Collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nature Communications, 14(1): 4254-4266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w

Dugdale, R. C., Wilkerson, F. P., Minas, H. J., 1995. The Role of a Silicate Pump in Driving New Production. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅰ: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42(5): 697-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(95)00015-X

Dugdale, R. C., Wischmeyer, A. G., Wilkerson, F. P., et al., 2002. Meridional Asymmetry of Source Nutrients to the Equatorial Pacific Upwelling Ecosystem and Its Potential Impact on Ocean-Atmosphere CO₂Flux; a Data and Modeling Approach. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49(13): 2513-2531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00046-2

Emerson, S., Watanabe, Y. W., Ono, T., et al., 2004. Temporal Trends in Apparent Oxygen Utilization in the Upper Pycnocline of the North Pacific: 1980-2000. Journal of Oceanography, 60(1): 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038323.62130.a0

Fujii, Y., Nakano, T., Usui, N., et al., 2013. Pathways of the North Pacific Intermediate Water Identified Through the Tangent Linear and Adjoint Models of an Ocean General Circulation Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(4): 2035-2051. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20094

Galbraith, E. D., Jaccard, S. L., Pedersen, T. F., et al., 2007. Carbon Dioxide Release from the North Pacific Abyss during the Last Deglaciation. Nature, 449(7164): 890-893. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06227

Gladyshev, S., Talley, L., Kantakov, G., et al., 2003. Distribution, Formation, and Seasonal Variability of Okhotsk Sea Mode Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C6): 3186-3203. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC000877

Gong, X., Lembke-Jene, L., Lohmann, G., et al., 2019. Enhanced North Pacific Deep-Ocean Stratification by Stronger Intermediate Water Formation during Heinrich Stadial 1. Nature Communications, 10(1): 656-664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08606-2

Hill, K. L., Weaver, A. J., Freeland, H. J., et al., 2003. Evidence of Change in the Sea of Okhotsk: Implications for the North Pacific. Atmosphere-Ocean, 41(1): 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.410104

Holte, J., Talley, L. D., Gilson, J., et al., 2017. An Argo Mixed Layer Climatology and Database. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(11): 5618-5626. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073426

Itoh, M., Ohshima, K. I., Wakatsuchi, M., 2003. Distribution and Formation of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water: An Analysis of Isopycnal Climatological Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C8): 3258-3272. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001590

Joh, Y., Delworth, T. L., Wittenberg, A. T., et al., 2023. The Role of Upper-Ocean Variations of the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension in Seasonal-to-Decadal Air-Sea Heat Flux Variability. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00453-9

Katsumata, K., Ohshima, K., Kono, T., et al., 2004. Water Exchange and Tidal Currents through the Bussol' Strait Revealed by Direct Current Measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C9): C09S06. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001864

Kawabe, M., Fujio, S., 2010. Pacific Ocean Circulation Based on Observation. Journal of Oceanography, 66(3): 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-010-0034-8

Kobayashi, T., 1999. Study of the Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water by a General Circulation Model and the Particle-Tracking Method: 1. A Pitfall of General Circulation Model Studies. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 104(C3): 5423-5439. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JC900084

Kobayashi, T., 2000. Study of the Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water by a General Circulation Model and the Particle-Tracking Method: 2. Formation Mechanism of Salinity Minimum from the View of the "Critical Gradient" of the Oyashio Mixing Ratio. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C1): 1055-1069. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900261

Kouketsu, S., Fukasawa, M., Sasano, D., et al., 2010. Changes in Water Properties around North Pacific Intermediate Water between the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57(13): 1177-1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.12.007

Kouketsu, S., Kaneko, I., Kawano, T., et al., 2007. Changes of North Pacific Intermediate Water Properties in the Subtropical Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(2): L02605. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028499

Kwon, E. Y., Deutsch, C., Xie, S. P., et al., 2016. The North Pacific Oxygen Uptake Rates over the Past Half Century. Journal of Climate, 29(1): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00157.1

Lan, J., Zhang, N., Wang, C., 2012. The Destiny of the North Pacific Intermediate Water in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 31(5): 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-012-0234-8

Lembke-Jene, L., Tiedemann, R., Nürnberg, D., et al., 2018. Rapid Shift and Millennial-Scale Variations in Holocene North Pacific Intermediate Water Ventilation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(21): 5365-5370. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714754115

Levin, L. A., Bris, N. L., 2015. The Deep Ocean Under Climate Change. Science, 350(6262): 766-768. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0126

Li, C., Zhang, Z., Zhao, W., et al., 2017. A Statistical Study on the Subthermocline Submesoscale Eddies in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean Based on Argo Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(5): 3586-3598. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012561

Li, X., Yang, Y., Li, R., et al., 2020. Structure and Dynamics of the Pacific North Equatorial Subsurface Current. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 11758-11767. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68605-y

Li, Z., England, M. H., Groeskamp, S., 2023. Recent Acceleration in Global Ocean Heat Accumulation by Mode and Intermediate Waters. Nature Communications, 14(1): 6888-6901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42468-z

Liao, F., Hoteit, I., 2022. A Comparative Study of the Argo-Era Ocean Heat Content Among Four Different Types of Data Sets. Earths Future, 10(9): e2021EF002532. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002532

Masujima, M., Yasuda, I., 2009. Distribution and Modification of North Pacific Intermediate Water around the Subarctic Frontal Zone East of 150°E. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39(6): 1462-1474. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3919.1

Nakamura, T., Awaji, T., 2004. Tidally Induced Diapycnal Mixing in the Kuril Straits and Its Role in Water Transformation and Transport: A Three-Dimensional Nonhydrostatic Model Experiment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C9): C09S07. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001850

Nakano, T., Kaneko, I., Endoh, M., et al., 2005. Interannual and Decadal Variabilities of NPIW Salinity Minimum Core Observed along JMA's Hydrographic Repeat Sections. Journal of Oceanography, 61(4): 681-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0076-5

Nakanowatari, T., Mitsudera, H., Motoi, T., et al., 2015a. Multidecadal-Scale Freshening at the Salinity Minimum in the Western Part of North Pacific: Importance of Wind-Driven Cross-Gyre Transport of Subarctic Water to the Subtropical Gyre. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 45(4): 988-1008. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-13-0274.1

Nakanowatari, T., Nakamura, T., Uchimoto, K., et al., 2015b. Causes of the Multidecadal-Scale Warming of the Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea and Western Subarctic North Pacific. Journal of Climate, 28(2): 714-736. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00172.1

Nakanowatari, T., Ohshima, K. I., Wakatsuchi, M., 2007. Warming and Oxygen Decrease of Intermediate Water in the Northwestern North Pacific, originating from the Sea of Okhotsk, 1955-2004. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(4): L04602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028243

Nishioka, J., Obata, H., Ogawa, H., et al., 2020. Subpolar Marginal Seas Fuel the North Pacific through the Intermediate Water at the Termination of the Global Ocean Circulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(23): 12665-12673. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000658117

Parekh, P., Follows, M. J., Dutkiewicz, S., et al., 2006. Physical and Biological Regulation of the Soft Tissue Carbon Pump. Paleoceanography, 21(3): PA3001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005PA001258

Qiu, B., 1995. Why Is the Spreading of the North Pacific Intermediate Water Confined on Density Surfaces around σ_θ = 26.8? Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(1): 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0168:WITSOT>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0168:WITSOT>2.0.CO;2

Rae, J. W. B., Sarnthein, M., Foster, G. L., et al., 2014. Deep Water Formation in the North Pacific and Deglacial CO₂Rise. Paleoceanography, 29(6): 645-667. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002570

Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., 2009. The 2004-2008 Mean and Annual Cycle of Temperature, Salinity, and Steric Height in the Global Ocean from the Argo Program. Progress in Oceanography, 82(2): 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004

Sani, I. Y., Atmadipoera, A. S., Purwandana, A., et al., 2021. Transformation and Mixing of North Pacific Water Mass in Sangihe-Talaud in August 2019. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 944(1): 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012053

Shcherbina, A. Y., Talley, L. D., Rudnick, D. L., 2003. Direct Observations of North Pacific Ventilation: Brine Rejection in the Okhotsk Sea. Science, 302(5652): 1952-1955. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088692

Shcherbina, A. Y., Talley, L. D., Rudnick, D. L., 2004a. Dense Water Formation on the Northwestern Shelf of the Okhotsk Sea: 1. Direct Observations of Brine Rejection. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C9): C09S08. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002196

Shcherbina, A. Y., Talley, L. D., Rudnick, D. L., 2004b. Dense Water Formation on the Northwestern Shelf of the Okhotsk Sea: 2. Quantifying the Transports. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C9): C09S09. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002197

Shimizu, Y., Yasuda, I., Ito, S., 2001. Distribution and Circulation of the Coastal Oyashio Intrusion. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(6): 1561-1578. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1561:DACOTC>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1561:DACOTC>2.0.CO;2

Sugimoto, S., 2022. Decreasing Wintertime Mixed-Layer Depth in the Northwestern North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2): e2021GL095091. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095091

Sugimoto, S., Hanawa, K., 2011. Quasi-Decadal Modulations of North Pacific Intermediate Water Area in the Cross Section along the 137°E Meridian: Impact of the Aleutian Low Activity. Journal of Oceanography, 67(4): 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-011-0054-z

Sun, C., Xu, J., Liu, Z., et al., 2008. Application of Argo Data in the Analysis of Water Masses in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Marine Science Bulletin, 10(2), 1-13.

Takano, Y., Ito, T., Deutsch, C., 2018. Projected Centennial Oxygen Trends and Their Attribution to Distinct Ocean Climate Forcings. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(9): 1329-1349. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB005939

Talley, L. D., 1991. An Okhotsk Sea Water Anomaly: Implications for Ventilation in the North Pacific. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 38(1): S171-S190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80009-4

Talley, L. D., 1993. Distribution and Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 23(3): 517-537.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0517:DAFONP>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0517:DAFONP>2.0.CO;2

Talley, L. D., 1997. North Pacific Intermediate Water Transports in the Mixed Water Region. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27(8): 1795-1803.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1795:NPIWTI>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1795:NPIWTI>2.0.CO;2

Talley, L. D., 1999. Some Aspects of Ocean Heat Transport by the Shallow, Intermediate and Deep Overturning Circulations, In: Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales. American Geophysical Union (AGU), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1029/GM112p0001

Talley, L. D., Yun, J. Y., 2001. The Role of Cabbeling and Double Diffusion in Setting the Density of the North Pacific Intermediate Water Salinity Minimum. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31(6): 1538-1549.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1538:TROCAD>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1538:TROCAD>2.0.CO;2

Tatebe, H., Yasuda, I., 2004. Oyashio Southward Intrusion and Cross-Gyre Transport Related to Diapycnal Upwelling in the Okhotsk Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34(10): 2327-2341.https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<2327:OSIACT>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<2327:OSIACT>2.0.CO;2

Tsunogai, S., Ono, T., Watanabe, S., 1993. Increase in Total Carbonate in the Western North Pacific Water and a Hypothesis on the Missing Sink of Anthropogenic Carbon. Journal of Oceanography, 49(3): 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02269568

Ueno, H., Yasuda, I., 2003. Intermediate Water Circulation in the North Pacific Subarctic and Northern Subtropical Regions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C11): 3348-3359. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001372

Van Scoy, K. A., Olson, D. B., Fine, R. A., 1991. Ventilation of North Pacific Intermediate Waters: The Role of the Alaskan Gyre. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 96(C9): 16801-16810. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JC01783

Whitney, F. A., Freeland, H. J., Robert, M., 2007. Persistently Declining Oxygen Levels in the Interior Waters of the Eastern Subarctic Pacific. Progress in Oceanography, 75(2): 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.007

Yang, H., Lohmann, G., Wei, W., et al., 2016. Intensification and Poleward Shift of Subtropical Western Boundary Currents in a Warming Climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 121(7): 4928-4945. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011513

Yasuda, I., 1997. The Origin of the North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102(C1): 893-909. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02938

Yasuda, I., 2004. North Pacific Intermediate Water: Progress in SAGE (SubArctic Gyre Experiment) and Related Projects. Journal of Oceanography, 60(2): 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038344.25081.42

Yasuda, I., Hiroe, Y., Komatsu, K., et al., 2001. Hydrographic Structure and Transport of the Oyashio South of Hokkaido and the Formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C4): 6931-6942. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC000154

Yasuda, I., Kouketsu, S., Katsumata, K., et al., 2002. Influence of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water on the Oyashio and North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 107(C12): 3237-3247. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001037

Yoshinari, H., Yasuda, I., Ito, S., et al., 2001. Meridional Transport of the North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Interfrontal Zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(18): 3445-3448. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012690

You, Y. Z., 2003a. Implications of Cabbeling on the Formation and Transformation Mechanism of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C5): 3134-3157. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001285

You, Y. Z., 2003b. The Pathway and Circulation of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24): 2291-2294. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018561

You, Y. Z., 2005. Double-Diffusive Fluxes of Salt and Heat in the Upper Layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Ocean University of China, 4(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-005-0016-4

You, Y. Z., 2010. Frontal Densification and Displacement: A Scenario of North Pacific Intermediate Water Formation. Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57(13): 1171-1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.12.006

You, Y. Z., Suginohara, N., Fukasawa, M., et al., 2000. Roles of the Okhotsk Sea and Gulf of Alaska in Forming the North Pacific Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C2): 3253-3280. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900304

Yuan, D. L., Yin, X. L., Li, X., et al., 2022. A Maluku Sea Intermediate Western Boundary Current Connecting Pacific Ocean Circulation to the Indonesian Throughflow. Nature Communications, 13(1): 2093-2100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29617-6

Zang, N., Wang, F., Sprintall, J., 2020. The Intermediate Water in the Philippine Sea. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 38(5): 1343-1353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-020-0035-4

Zhou, Y. T., Gong, H. J., Zhou, F., 2022. Responses of Horizontally Expanding Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones to Climate Change Based on Observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(6): e2022GL097724. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL097724

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views