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To clarify the effective composition of the vegetation layer for ecological restoration of steep slopes and the evolution patterns of vegetation layer properties under freezing-thawing conditions, the changes in soil cohesion characteristics under freezing-thawing conditions were clarified through direct shear tests, combined with the attachment test on the steep slope surface, vegetation test and the optimized vegetation layer ratio. The results show that biochar can improve the vegetation performance of the soil; the addition of polyacrylamide is not conducive to plant growth after adding binder and water-retaining agent. The optimal vegetation layer composition is 0.8% seaweed polysaccharide, 1% carboxymethyl cellulose, and 1.5% biochar. After 20 freeze-thaw cycles, the loss rate of soil cohesion in the substrate soil is 1.27-2.93 times that of the reconstructed vegetation layer. Low water content conditions are conducive to maintaining the soil cohesion characteristics during the freeze-thaw process. The cohesive structure formed by the binder and water-retaining agent effectively maintains the stability of the reconstructed vegetation layer, and its anti-freeze-thaw deterioration ability is significantly better than that of the substrate soil. The findings can provide a theoretical basis for the material ratio of ecological restoration vegetation layer and engineering protection for steep slopes in the seasonally frozen areas.
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