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Three-dimensional reconstruction of fluid pathways is critical to understanding ore genesis and guiding exploration since hydrothermal fluid migration pathways exert a fundamental control on the transport, concentration, and precipitation of ore-forming fluids. However, robust three-dimensional reconstruction of fluid pathways at the deposit scale remains challenging due to complex structural overprinting, sparse sampling, and limited quantitative tools. Here, we present an integrated knowledge and data-driven framework to reconstruct the 3D hydrothermal fluid migration pathways of the Xiadian gold deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Geological indicators related to fluid flow were extracted from drill-hole and mine-level datasets and incorporated into a spatial probability model using a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN). A Markov chain model was subsequently applied to quantitatively trace three-dimensional migration trajectories. The GCN demonstrates strong predictive performance under small-sample conditions (AUC=0.956 9), delineating high-probability fluid pathways that are consistent with established metallogenic models. The reconstructed pathways indicate that ore-forming fluids originated at depth and migrated upward along the Zhaoping Fault Zone, exhibiting a branching and diffusive architecture. Major fluid conduits are primarily controlled by deep-seated structural variations of the main fault, whereas dense terminal branch networks are dominated by secondary faults and fracture systems, reflecting a synergistic structural control on fluid migration and mineral precipitation. The results confirm the existence of a conceptual model of "transport along major conduits and precipitation within terminal branches" in Xiadian gold deposit, providing new insights into the coupling between tectonics, fluid flow, and mineralization. On this basis, two prospective targets for deep exploration within the Xiadian deposit are identified.
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