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| Citation: | Pan Tianshuo, Huang Xin, Chen Xi, Ping Xue, Sun Ronglin, 2026. Simulation of Nitrate Hydrologic Residence Time in a Hierarchical Groundwater Flow System of Sandy Basin and Implications from Management. Earth Science, 51(6): 2187-2200. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2026.096
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This study investigates the nitrate hydrologic residence time (NHRT) in a sandy, hierarchical groundwater flow system based on a 2D Tóth basin. Results show that with increasing groundwater recharge intensity, groundwater flow system evolves from a single regional system to nested systems, and finally to a single local flow system. The mean NHRT within the basin decreases across five distinct flow system patterns, but the proportion of longer-duration NHRT (250-500 a) remains dominant. Nitrate concentrations in discharge zones were primarily governed by adjacent local flow systems. A greater development depth of the local system prolongs NHRT in the discharge zone. Under nitrate input control scenarios, the baseline simulation (no input reduction) shows that concentrations in discharge zones stabilized within 2-8 years and then failed to decline. Compared to a gradual cessation, an immediate cessation of nitrate input accelerates recovery to background levels by only 4-6 years. The findings suggest that effective control of groundwater nitrate pollution requires either prioritizing input reduction in recharge areas of adjacent local flow systems or altering their development depth by regulating recharge intensity. Nevertheless, rapid cuts in nitrate loading do not substantially mitigate the inherent time lag of water quality response to remediation measures.
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