Properties and Sources of Ore-Forming Fluids in Sefu Gold-Copper Deposit, Quxu County, Tibet, China
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摘要: 色甫金铜矿是新近在冈底斯南缘新生代斑岩成矿带内揭示的一个叠加于热液脉型铜矿上的浅成低温热液型金矿.详细的野外地质调查显示，色甫金铜矿和邻近的鸡公西矿区范围内先后经历了早始新世磁铁矿化、晚始新世-早渐新世与韧性剪切活动有关、早中新世钼矿化和铜矿化以及稍晚的金矿化等多期热液活动.对各期流体活动形成的石英中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温、显微激光拉曼和氢-氧同位素分析显示，与磁铁矿化有关的流体为岩浆热液混合建造水的高温、高盐度富水流体；与钼矿化有关的流体为岩浆热液与大气降水混合的高温、高盐度富水流体；与铜矿体形成有关的流体为具有岩浆贡献的中高温含CO2低盐度流体与大气降水来源的低温低盐度富水流体混合的产物；与金矿体形成有关的流体为具有岩浆贡献的中温含CO2±CH4±N2的中低盐度流体与大气降水来源的低温低盐度富水流体混合的产物.利用流体包裹体显微测温对其捕获温压估算的结果显示，铜矿体和钼矿化体形成前，该地区有过1.5~4.1 km的剥蚀，之后至金矿体形成前时有过近6 km的剥蚀，金矿体形成后剥蚀为0.8~1.2 km.矿区后续工作应优先针对近南北向断裂中赋存的蚀变岩型金矿开展工作.Abstract: Sefu deposit is a newly discovered Au-Cu deposit in Gangdese porphyry Cu belt. Its Au orebodies are epithermal type and superimposed on the vein type Cu orebodies. According to detailed geological survey, five periods of hydrothermal activity are distinguished in and around Sefu and Jigongxi. They are Early Eocene magnetite mineralization, Late Eocene-Early Oligocene ductile shearing related one, Early Miocene molybdenum and copper mineralization, and gold mineralization at last. Petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy together with hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis are conducted on the fluid inclusions in quartz formed during these five periods. It is found that fluid related to magnetite mineralization is the mixture of magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, high salinity, and formation water. Fluid related to molybdenum mineralization is the mixture of meteoric water and magma originated aqueous fluid of high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity. Fluid related to copper mineralization is the mixture of medium-high temperature, low salinity fluid and containing medium density CO2, which was originated from magma, and low temperature, low salinity fluid which is from meteoric water. Fluid related to gold mineralization is the mixture of medium temperature, low salinity fluid with low density CO2, CH4 and N2, which was originated from magma, and medium temperature, low salinity fluid, which is from meteoric water. Estimation results of trapping temperature and pressure based on microthermometry also show 1.5-4.1 km erosion had happened before molybdenum and copper mineralization, and 6 km erosion had happened before gold mineralization. After gold mineralization, 0.8-1.2 km erosion had happened. Exploration should focus more on gold orebodies in the near north-south striking faults in Sefu area in future.
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图 1 色甫金铜矿大地构造位置及南冈底斯主要铜矿床和金矿床分布略图
Fig. 1. Tectonic location of Sefu gold-copper deposit and main copper deposits and gold deposits in southern Gangdese metallogenic belt
图 4 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区矿体露头和矿石野外照片
a.鸡公西矿区始新世黑云母二长花岗岩与昌果组接触带上发育的含钾长石石英-磁铁矿脉；b.鸡公西矿区近东西向断裂中的含电气石石英-钾长石脉，局部含星点状辉钼矿；c.色甫金铜矿区近南北向断裂右行切割错动铜矿化断裂面；d.色甫金铜矿区近东西向断裂面上的张性充填特征石英和绿泥石；e.色甫金铜矿区金矿体（品位151×10-6）赋存断裂及其中的变安山岩透镜体；f.色甫金铜矿区金矿体赋存断裂中的碎裂岩化和劈理化带；g.鸡公西矿区近东西向发育辉钼矿化石英脉的断裂被近南北向断裂切割错动；h.铜矿石；i.金矿石；Au.金矿体；Cu.铜矿体；Chl.绿泥石；Ill.伊利石；Ksp.钾长石；Mt.磁铁矿；Prl.叶蜡石；Q.石英；Tur.电气石
Fig. 4. Field photographs of orebody outcrop and ores in Sefu gold-copper deposit and Jigongxi ore spot
图 5 色甫金铜矿矿区主要矿体剖面
a.A-A’剖面；b.B-B’剖面
Fig. 5. Geological section of main orebodies in Sefu gold-copper deposit
图 6 本次研究样品部分代表性标本照片
a.发育于切割昌果组片理的北倾断裂中的含白云母石英脉；b.含辉钼矿石英脉；c.黄铜矿石；d.绿泥石化变安山岩铜矿石中共生的黄铜矿和黄铁矿；e.含铜石英-绿泥石脉中共生的黄铜矿和黄铁矿；f.与金矿化有关的黄铁矿、伊利石化叠加于与铜矿化有关的硅化、绿泥石化；Chl.绿泥石；Clp.黄铜矿；Ill.伊利石；Ksp.钾长石；Mus.白云母；Py.黄铁矿；Q.石英
Fig. 6. Photographs of some samples studied
图 7 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区流体包裹体镜下照片
a.与金矿石中黄铁矿（部分风化为褐铁矿）共生的石英中的流体包裹体群；b.纯气相CO2流体包裹体（C2类）；c.ADV类流体包裹体，主要赋存于含辉钼矿石英脉和含钾长石石英-磁铁矿脉中，子矿物主要为石盐；d.发育于与韧性剪切活动有关的石英脉中的AC2类流体包裹体，室温下由水溶液相、液相CO2相和气相CO2相组成；e.含黄铜矿黄铁矿石英-绿泥石脉（铜矿石）石英中液相CO2流体包裹体（C1类）；f.含黄铜矿黄铁矿石英-绿泥石脉（铜矿石）石英中含液相CO2的水溶液流体包裹体（AC1类）；Q.石英；Py.黄铁矿；Lm.褐铁矿；V.气相；L.液相；S.子矿物相；Vco2.气相二氧化碳；Lco2.液相二氧化碳
Fig. 7. Microphotographs of fluid inclusions in Sefu and Jigongxi
图 8 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿点流体包裹体显微激光拉曼分析图谱和测点位置
a.铜矿石的石英中AC1类流体包裹体液相CO2相；b.铜矿石的石英中AC1类流体包裹体水溶液；c.铜矿石的石英中C1类流体包裹体；d.金矿石的石英中AC3类流体包裹体气相CO2相，含少CH4；e.金矿石的石英中C2类流体包裹体；f.AV类流体包裹体气相；AP.测点位置
Fig. 8. Spectrum and analysis point of micro-laser Raman analysis for fluid inclusions from Sefu and Jigongxi
图 9 H2O-CO2±NaCl体系相分离深度-温度特征
Fig. 9. Characteristics of phase separation depth-temperature field for H2O-CO2±NaCl fluid system
图 10 色甫金铜矿区金矿石中流体包裹体捕获温压图解
等容线据Rodder（1984）及其中文献
Fig. 10. Trapping temperature-pressure diagram of fluid inclusions in gold ores of Sefu gold-copper deposit
图 11 色甫金铜矿区金矿石和铜矿石中流体包裹体盐度-均一温度图
等密度线据Rodder（1984）及其中文献
Fig. 11. Salinity-homogenization temperature diagram for fluid inclusions in ores of Sefu gold-copper deposit
图 12 色甫金铜矿区金矿石中富水流体包裹体均一温度频数
Fig. 12. Frequency diagram of homogenization temperature for fluid inclusions in gold ores of Sefu gold-copper deposit
图 13 色甫金铜矿区铜矿石中流体包裹体捕获温压图解
等容线据Rodder（1984）及其中文献；CO2密度：g/cm3
Fig. 13. Trapping temperature-pressure diagram of fluid inclusions in copper ores of Sefu deposit
图 14 鸡公西矿区含辉钼矿石英脉中ADV类流体包裹体Tm-Th图解
Fig. 14. Tm-Th diagram for ADV type fluid inclusions in quartz veins containing molybdenite from Jigongxi deposit
图 15 色甫金铜矿矿区与韧性剪切活动有关的石英脉中流体包裹体捕获温度-压力图解
变质相范围据Frost and Frost（2014）；等容线据Rodder（1984）及其中文献
Fig. 15. Trapping temperature-pressure diagram of fluid inclusions in quartz related to ductile-shearing activity in Sefu
图 16 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区流体δD-δ18O图解
变质水范围据Taylor（1974）；建造水和岩浆水范围据郑永飞和陈江峰（2000）；现代西藏地热水范围据郑淑蕙等（1982）；中国大气降水线据郑淑蕙等（1983）；粘土矿物线据陈骏和王鹤年（2004）
Fig. 16. δD-δ18O diagrams of fluid in Sefu and Jigongxi deposit
图 17 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区流体压力-温度演化图
变质相范围据Frost and Frost（2014）
Fig. 17. P-T evolution path of fluid in Sefu and Jigongxi deposit
表 1 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区热液脉体特征
Table 1. Summaried hydrothermal veins'characteristics of Sefu gold-copper deposit and Jigongxi mine spot
期次 分布区域 受控构造 金属矿化 围岩蚀变 流体包裹体类型 Ⅰ 鸡公西矿点 始新世黑云母花岗岩与昌果组接触带 磁铁矿化；矽卡岩型、含钾长石-石英-磁铁矿脉型 钾长石化、石榴子石矽卡岩化、角岩化、硅化 ADV Ⅱ 色甫铜金矿区和鸡公西矿点 近东西走向北倾切割昌果组片理的韧-脆性断裂 暂未见 硅化、绿帘石化、白云母化、绿泥石化 AC2 Ⅲ1 鸡公西矿点 近东西走向南倾正断层 星点状辉钼矿化 硅化、钾长石化、电气石化 ADV Ⅲ2 色甫铜金矿区 近东西走向南倾正断层 脉状黄铜矿化、黄铁矿化，风化为孔雀石、褐铁矿 硅化、绿泥石化 AV+AC1+C1 Ⅳ 色甫铜金矿区 近南北走向东倾走滑断层 黄铁矿化、金矿化 黄铁绢英岩化 AV+AC3+C2 
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表 2 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 2. Summaried fluid inclusion microthermometric results of Sefu gold-copper deposit and Jigongxi ore spot
热液期次 类型 大小
(μm)数量
(个)气相充填度
(%)Te Tm, CO2 Tm, cal Th, CO2 Tm, ice Tm Th, l-v 盐度
(% NaCleqv)(℃) Ⅰ ADV 8~15 11 20~30 / > 470 395~480(L) \ Ⅱ AC2 6~14 16 20~30 / -56.8~-57.1 8.2~8.6 15.4~22.9(L) / / 185~237(L) 2.81~3.57 Ⅲ ADV 8~17 11 10~40 / / / / / 210~483 231~450(L) 32.39~57.49 Ⅳ AC1 5~15 5 40~45 / -56.8~-57.3 8.1~9.2 24.1~29.0(L) / / 287~306(L) 1.63~3.76 Ⅳ C1 4~10 26 / / -56.8~-57.4 / 11.8~17.1(L) / / / / Ⅳ AV 4~11 28 15 -22.7~-23.8 / / / -2.7~-8.7 / 181~347(L) 4.49~12.51 Ⅴ AC3 5~25 13 60~80 / -58.5~-69.3 -5.2~6.2 25.6~31.1(V) / / 184~273(L) 7.14~19.41 Ⅴ C2 5~18 35 / / -57.9~-68.5 / 17.5~24.3(V) / / / / Ⅴ AV 5~15 22 5~20 -22.7~-23.5 / / / -0.4~-4.1 / 226~333(L) 0.70~6.59
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表 3 色甫金铜矿和鸡公西矿区石英和磁铁矿的O同位素以及石英中流体包裹体的H同位素组成分析结果
Table 3. Analysis results for oxygen isotopes of quartz and magnetite and hydrogen isotopes of fluid inclusions in quartz of Sefu gold-copper deposit and Jigongxi ore spot
热液期次 矿物 样品编号 δ18O矿物（‰） T*（℃） δ18OH2O（‰） δDH2O（‰） Ⅰ 磁铁矿 D1035B20 0 622 \ / 磁铁矿 D1035B21 -0.7 622 \ / 石英 D1035B21 6.6 622 5.78 -82.3 Ⅱ 石英 D1010B1 7.8 397 3.67 -92.7 石英 D1010B2 9.8 397 5.67 -91.5 石英 D1018-2B1 8.2 397 4.07 -88.9 石英 D1013B1 9.5 397 5.37 -93.4 Ⅲ 石英 D1037OT1 6.7 570 5.35 -92.5 石英 D1104-1B1 8.8 570 7.45 -81.3 石英 D1033B2 8.7 570 7.35 -86.9 石英 D1033B3 10.3 570 8.95 -89.3 石英 D1079B2 11.2 570 9.85 -91.1 石英 D1608B1 12.7 570 11.35 -86.8 石英 D1612B1 12.3 570 10.95 -71.5 Ⅳ 石英 D1024B2 9.9 331 4.04 -88.6 石英 D1070B1 9.2 331 3.34 -86.8 石英 D1078B2 8.5 331 2.64 -86.1 石英 D1602B1 11.2 331 5.34 -93.2 石英 D1605B2 9.4 331 3.54 -91.1 石英 ZK002-41 11 331 5.14 -82.9 Ⅴ 石英 D1022-2B2 9.4 270 1.34 -85.5 石英 D1040B2 9.8 270 1.74 -78.7 石英 D1045-1B1 10.1 270 2.04 -71.5 石英 D1045-5B2 10.3 270 2.24 -79.2 石英 ZK002-42 10.2 270 2.14 -74 注：T*.据显微测温结果和磁铁矿-石英氧同位素温度计估算的流体包裹体的平均捕获温度；\.未获得相关数据；/.未测.
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