Evolution and Sedimentary Sequence of Tidal Channel-Flat System at Bore-Affected Reach of the Qiantang Estuary
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摘要: 通过分析时间序列的卫片资料、4 m高的露头剖面的沉积学和元素地球化学特征, 研究钱塘江涌潮河段的滩槽冲淤变化规律、涌潮沉积特征和沉积层序.涌潮河段河道宽浅, 受径流与潮流相互作用强烈, 冲淤频繁且剧烈, 滩槽演替存在约20 a的周期, 与流域年代际洪、枯期转变有关.在滩槽叠置的垂向层序中, 底部为河槽、低潮滩相的厚层块状砂质沉积, 发育各种变形沉积构造, 为典型的涌潮沉积; 顶部为高潮滩相的潮汐韵律沉积, 发育典型的潮汐成因的双黏土层、大小潮周期; 二者之间的中潮滩相呈渐变过渡.C-M图和概率累计曲线可较好地区分涌潮沉积与潮成砂、泥质沉积.涌潮沉积层Si/Al、Zr/Al、Ti/Al等元素比值较高, 而潮汐韵律层Fe/Al、Mn/Al等元素比值较高, 这与它们的赋存方式和水动力分异有关.Si、Zr和Ti主要见于石英和重矿物中, 因此在强水动力沉积层中富集; 而Fe、Mn易被黏土矿物吸附, 在水动力较弱的中高潮滩富集.Abstract: Sedimentary features of tidal-bore deposits, evolution and resultant sedimentary sequence of main channel and tidal flat in the Qiantang Estuary are studied in detail by analyses of time-series satellite photos, and sedimentological and geochemical characters of a 4 m high crop. The wide and shallow channel at the bore-affected reach shifts rapidly under intense interaction of tidal flow and river runoff. There is channel evolution cycle of ~20 years linked to the decadal alterations of dry and wet periods in the catchment. On the vertical facies association of tidal channel-flat system, the lower section is a typical tidal-bore deposit at the main channel and the lower tidal flat, characterized by thick massive sandy beds with well developed soft-sediment deformation structures. The upper section is tidal rhythmite at the higher tidal flat, typical of mud couplets and spring-neap tidal cycles of tidal origin. The middle tidal-flat facies bears both sedimentary features of tidal-bore deposits and tidal rhythmite. C-M diagram and probability cumulative curve are useful to differentiate tidal-bore deposits from tidal sandy/muddy deposits. There is a general trend of higher ratios of Si/Al, Zr/Al and Ti/Al in tidal-bore deposits, and Fe/Al and Mn/Al in tidal rhythmites, which is mainly related to elemental behavior and selected sorting of hydrodynamic. Elements of Si, Zr and Ti majorly present in quartz and heavy minerals are therefore abundant in the higher energy depositional environment, while Fe, Mn elements which can be easily adsorbed by clay minerals are consequently enriched in the lower energy sedimentary environment.
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Key words:
- Qiantang River /
- tidal-bore deposit /
- sediments /
- grain-size analysis /
- XRF nondestructive core scanning /
- geochemistry
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图 1 钱塘江河口-杭州湾概略图和研究剖面位置(a)与钱塘江河口沙坎形态(b)(改自林炳尧，2008)
Fig. 1. Map of Qiantangjiang estuary and Hangzhou Bay and sample position for grain size analysis of core JS11 (a) and eroded sediment cliff (b)
图 2 研究断面为一侵蚀陡崖(a)和约4 m长的岩心照片(b)
图中人高约1.7 m，岩心照片上的方框、椭圆等标示取样层位，S、N分别代表大潮(spring tide)和小潮(neap tide)
Fig. 2. The study transect of an erosion cliff near Jianshan (a) and core strata with sample positions (b)
图 4 过渡型潮汐沉积(a)和涌潮沉积(b)中粗颗粒沉积物的矿物组成与形态对比分析
Fig. 4. Coarse particle sediment composition and shape analysis for tidal transitional deposits (a) and tidal-bore deposits (b) of core JS11
图 6 JS11钻孔粒度组成及元素比值随深度变化
细线为原始数据；粗线为5点滑动平均数据；其中平均粒径底部150 cm为3点滑动平均
Fig. 6. Downhole variations in grain sizes and element ratios in core JS11
图 7 尖山河段历年遥感图像对比
绿色实线；蓝色实线和红色实线分别代表围垦前岸线；围垦后岸线和潮滩水边线
Fig. 7. Time-series analysis of satellite photos of Jianshan river section
图 8 钱塘江流域径流年际变化(数据来自http://www.zjsw.cn)
Fig. 8. Facies model of tidal channel-flat system in the bore-affected reach of the Qiantang estuary
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