Provenance of U1431 Sediments from the Eastern Subbasin of the South China Sea since Middle Miocene
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摘要: 南海东部次海盆的沉积记录蕴含着区域内中中新世以来沉积物的风化过程和演化历史信息.本文分析了国际大洋发现计划IODP 349航次南海东部次海盆U1431站位沉积物的主、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征.研究显示，样品中化学风化蚀变指数为49~74，表明源区的化学风化强度为低到中等强度.沉积物在风化过程中以斜长石风化为主.含有火山碎屑的岩性单元Ⅵ和Ⅶ及55X-2层位受到含Fe、Mg矿物组分的物质来源输入影响，其余沉积物主要来自长英质源区.Sr和Nd同位素特征显示不同风化程度的沉积物源区具有明显差异.通过与周围潜在源区进行对比，推断12.8 Ma至今，U1431站位的物源主要来自珠江流域，印支半岛、吕宋和巴拉望提供了少量物质.其中12.5~7.4 Ma，沉积物源区受到周围岩浆活动形成的基性物质输入的影响，但仍以珠江源区为主.6.5 Ma以后，台湾岛隆升剥蚀的陆源物质进入中央海盆.因此，台湾岛成为源区之一.Abstract: The sedimentary records of the east subbasin in the South China Sea reflect the weathering and evolution history of sediments since the Middle Miocene. We have analyzed the major, trace elements, and Sr-Nd isotopes of the sediments from the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expedition 349 site U1431. The chemical weathering index of alteration (CIA) ranges from 49 to 74, indicating a low to moderate chemical weathering degree of the provenance. The chemical weathering trend shows the preferential leaching of plagioclase. The samples from units Ⅵ, Ⅶ and 55X-2 layer containing pyroclast are affected by the input of mafic materials, while the provenance of other samples is mainly felsic end-members. Sr and Nd isotopes show significant changes in the provenance of the sediments at U1431 site. By analyzing the Sr-Nd isotopic characteristics of sediments from U1431 site and surrounding potential provenance, we inferred the sediments at U1431 site were probably mainly from the Pear River and slightly from the Indochina Peninsula, Luzon and Palawan since 12.8 Ma. Several samples show positive εNd and low 86Sr/87Sr which may be related to the multiple volcanic activities in the study area during 12.5-7.4 Ma. After 6.5 Ma, the terrestrial material formed in the uplifting and erosion of Taiwan Island entered the central basin. Thus, Taiwan Island became one of the main sources.
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Key words:
- South China Sea /
- the eastern subbasin /
- ocean drilling /
- sediment /
- chemical weathering /
- provenance /
- marine geology
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图 1 南海及周边区域水深(a)，U1431站位周边详细水深(b，图a中黑色方框)
图a中黄色五角星为U1431站位，橙色虚线为推断的洋陆边界，浅黄色实线为中南断裂，红色虚线为红河断裂，红色标志线为马尼拉海沟，蓝色实线为河流
Fig. 1. Bathymetric map of the South China Sea and surrounding region (a), detailed bathymetry around site U1431 (b, black box in Fig.a)
图 2 U1431站点样品编号及取样位置处录井柱状图
Fig. 2. Stratigraphy chart of recovered cores and sample locations at site U1431
图 3 U1431站位地球化学指标随深度变化
U1431站位的年龄数据来自Li et al. (2015)
Fig. 3. Geochemical variations at site U1431 with depth
图 4 U1431站位样品稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图
UCC.大陆上地壳；NASC.北美页岩
Fig. 4. Chondrite normalized REE pattern of the sediment samples at site U1431
图 5 主量元素与SiO2的关系
Fig. 5. Variations of major elements as a function of silica contents
图 6 U1431站位样品微量元素UCC标准化图
Fig. 6. UCC normalized trace elements pattern of the sediment samples at site U1431
图 7 U1431站点沉积物Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)-K2O风化趋势三角图
三角图内的箭头表示沉积物样品的风化趋势；Pl.斜长石；Ks.钾长石
Fig. 7. The Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)-K2O triangle diagram for evolution of the weathering profile of sediments at site U1431
图 8 U1431站点沉积物Al2O3-[CaO+Na2O+K2O]-[TFeO+MgO]三角图
箭头表示沉积物样品的风化趋势；Fs.长石；TFeO.总铁
Fig. 8. The Al2O3-[CaO+Na2O+K2O]-[TFeO+MgO] triangle diagram of sediments at site U1431
图 9 U1431站点沉积物的La-Th-Sc三角图
FEV.长英质火山岩；MAV.镁铁质火山岩
Fig. 9. La-Th-Sc triangular diagram for the sediment at site U1431
图 10 U1431站位样品Sr-Nd同位素分布
图据Liu et al. (2017b); 湄公河和红河数据来自Liu et al. (2007); 婆罗洲沿海和南沙群岛的沉积物数据来自Wei et al. (2012); 巴拉望数据来自Tu et al. (1992); 苏门答腊数据来自White and Patchett (1984); 海南岛基岩数据来自Fang et al. (1992); 吕宋数据来自Knittel et al. (1988); 台湾岛河流的数据来自Chen and Lee (1990)和Lan et al. (2002); 珠江数据来自Hu et al. (2013); Annamite Range river的数据来自Jonell et al. (2017); U1431站点扩张期后玄武岩数据来自Zhang et al. (2018); U1433站位沉积物数据来自Liu et al. (2017b)
Fig. 10. Plot of Sr versus Nd isotopes for the samples at site U1431
表 1 U1431站点沉积物主量元素组成(%)
Table 1. The major elemental concentrations (%) of sediments at site U1431
深度（mbsf） SiO2 Al2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O TFeO MnO P2O5 TiO2 D-1H-2 2.64 66.97 15.19 2.14 2.87 4.83 2.35 4.13 0.31 0.22 0.50 D-4H-4 27.76 58.83 19.41 3.32 3.89 2.61 3.26 6.70 0.21 0.22 1.06 D-8H-2 62.38 56.42 20.12 3.28 5.62 2.67 3.65 6.58 0.23 0.13 0.81 D-12H-4 103.44 57.85 20.12 3.32 3.88 1.89 3.80 7.33 0.22 0.13 0.98 D-16H-5 141.82 59.85 20.33 2.84 2.47 1.82 3.98 6.94 0.15 0.14 0.99 D-20X-5 177.02 59.42 19.43 3.28 3.46 1.84 3.50 7.22 0.16 0.12 1.05 D-28X-6 253.38 56.62 19.17 2.97 7.77 1.80 3.48 6.41 0.17 0.16 0.96 D-32X-2 287.62 57.19 21.28 3.17 2.62 1.79 3.95 8.26 0.17 0.14 0.94 D-36X-4 328.22 60.48 19.35 3.19 2.38 1.75 3.85 7.30 0.11 0.13 0.96 D-39X-3 356.97 57.65 19.93 3.16 5.62 1.67 3.86 6.33 0.15 0.15 0.99 D-44X-4 398.78 58.19 19.66 2.86 5.97 1.76 3.63 6.22 0.15 0.14 0.92 D-48X-2 433.48 56.96 20.35 2.97 6.00 1.60 3.90 6.49 0.13 0.13 0.97 D-52X-CC 471.07 55.46 19.95 2.99 7.64 1.53 3.41 7.20 0.22 0.18 0.92 D-55X-2 499.68 57.37 17.70 4.00 0.84 3.36 3.25 10.31 0.06 0.17 2.44 D-60X-1 548.99 58.11 21.53 3.42 0.70 1.64 4.20 8.13 0.75 0.13 0.89 E-7R-2 606.18 51.40 17.32 4.57 5.17 4.21 2.55 10.45 0.15 0.57 3.12 E-10R-2 635.98 51.80 17.90 5.78 3.88 4.60 2.33 9.67 0.18 0.39 2.99 E-17R-6 707.52 53.85 17.67 2.89 4.72 5.30 3.00 8.38 0.23 0.76 2.71 E-22R-6 756.57 48.79 16.67 8.41 5.99 3.44 1.10 10.76 0.14 0.43 3.78 E-26R-2 790.55 49.41 18.29 6.67 4.97 4.46 2.03 9.27 0.11 0.28 4.04 E-31R-5 841.70 49.38 16.12 8.34 4.95 4.24 1.96 10.11 0.18 0.76 3.43 E-36R-3 887.29 59.70 20.83 3.15 0.46 1.70 4.03 7.90 0.60 0.26 0.88 平均含量 — 56.44 19.01 3.94 4.18 2.75 3.23 7.82 0.22 0.26 1.65 深海黏土 — 53.48 15.87 3.48 4.06 — 3.01 9.29 0.87 — 0.77 UCC — 65.89 15.17 2.20 4.19 3.89 3.39 4.49 0.07 0.20 0.50 注：TFeO为总铁，UCC(upper continental crust)为大陆上地壳(McLennan, 2001). 
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表 2 U1431站点沉积物稀土元素特征参数
Table 2. REE characteristics of sediments at site U1431
ΣREE(10-6) LREE(10-6) HREE(10-6) LREE/HREE LaN/YbN δCe δEu D-1H-2 88.78 79.71 9.07 8.79 8.02 1.04 0.86 D-4H-4 257.10 234.28 22.82 10.27 11.39 0.99 0.65 D-8H-2 175.56 158.78 16.77 9.47 10.88 0.98 0.75 D-12H-4 191.53 175.97 15.56 11.31 14.07 0.95 0.71 D-16H-5 215.29 198.11 17.17 11.54 13.88 0.94 0.69 D-20X-5 193.30 177.44 15.85 11.19 13.64 0.94 0.71 D-24X-4 197.41 178.84 18.56 9.64 11.20 0.97 0.74 D-28X-6 179.60 164.09 15.51 10.58 12.23 0.93 0.70 D-32X-2 193.21 175.67 17.54 10.01 12.01 0.93 0.73 D-36X-4 183.20 168.22 14.98 11.23 13.21 0.94 0.70 D-39X-3 190.21 173.55 16.66 10.42 12.28 0.93 0.70 D-44X-4 188.14 171.76 16.38 10.49 12.31 0.94 0.70 D-48X-2 161.01 147.14 13.87 10.61 11.15 0.93 0.69 D-52X-CC 170.43 155.89 14.54 10.72 13.08 0.95 0.73 D-55X-2 302.30 276.74 25.56 10.83 17.65 0.94 0.86 D-60X-1 186.99 169.73 17.26 9.83 11.01 0.96 0.72 E-7R-2 210.82 187.98 22.84 8.23 10.62 0.92 0.94 E-10R-2 211.52 187.40 24.11 7.77 10.04 0.92 0.94 E-17R-6 273.79 246.26 27.53 8.95 12.20 0.90 0.95 E-22R-6 188.80 168.03 20.77 8.09 10.97 0.91 0.92 E-26R-2 149.60 130.32 19.28 6.76 6.90 1.04 0.95 E-31R-5 192.79 173.56 19.23 9.02 13.21 0.90 0.94 E-33R-6 202.12 180.81 21.31 8.49 11.62 0.92 0.94 E-36R-3 217.53 194.36 23.16 8.39 9.61 0.91 0.73 E-36R-4 173.28 152.42 20.86 7.31 8.85 0.82 0.78 平均值 195.77 177.08 18.69 9.60 11.68 0.94 0.79 注：TFeO为总铁，UCC(upper continental crust)为大陆上地壳(McLennan, 2001).
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表 3 U1431站点沉积物中Sr、Nd同位素含量
Table 3. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of sediments at site U1431
Sr(10-6) 87Sr/86Sr 1σ SE Nd(10-6) 143Nd/144Nd 1σ SE εNd(0) D-1H-2 256.5 0.706 002 0.000 004 16.1 0.512 463 0.000 003 -3.4 D-4H-4 185.5 0.715 608 0.000 004 45.5 0.512 103 0.000 002 -10.4 D-8H-2 235.6 0.713 620 0.000 005 30.7 0.512 156 0.000 002 -9.4 D-12H-4 163.6 0.717 609 0.000 005 34.1 0.512 063 0.000 002 -11.2 D-16H-5 149.8 0.718 228 0.000 005 37.8 0.512 042 0.000 003 -11.6 D-20X-5 154.7 0.717 787 0.000 005 34.2 0.512 041 0.000 002 -11.6 D-24X-4 117.1 0.718 547 0.000 004 34.3 0.512 114 0.000 003 -10.2 D-28X-6 273.8 0.713 744 0.000 005 32.0 0.512 066 0.000 002 -11.2 D-32X-2 181.1 0.715 708 0.000 005 33.9 0.512 101 0.000 002 -10.5 D-36X-4 145.0 0.718 548 0.000 005 32.2 0.512 070 0.000 002 -11.1 D-39X-3 209.5 0.715 897 0.000 004 33.5 0.512 077 0.000 002 -10.9 D-44X-4 266.9 0.713 370 0.000 004 33.1 0.512 100 0.000 002 -10.5 D-48X-2 212.5 0.714 537 0.000 004 28.3 0.512 049 0.000 003 -11.5 D-52X-CC 275.4 0.713 091 0.000 004 30.1 0.512 106 0.000 003 -10.4 D-55X-2 149.0 0.708 449 0.000 004 59.6 0.512 686 0.000 002 0.9 D-60X-1 107.5 0.720 673 0.000 004 32.4 0.512 079 0.000 004 -10.9 E-7R-2 496.3 0.704 089 0.000 004 41.5 0.512 887 0.000 002 4.9 E-10R-2 407.1 0.704 760 0.000 003 41.7 0.512 884 0.000 003 4.8 E-17R-6 437.8 0.704 091 0.000 005 54.7 0.512 862 0.000 002 4.4 E-22R-6 436.1 0.704 431 0.000 005 38.3 0.512 852 0.000 002 4.2 E-26R-2 324.3 0.704 419 0.000 004 31.5 0.512 850 0.000 002 4.1 E-31R-5 244.0 0.704 579 0.000 003 37.1 0.512 863 0.000 002 4.4 E-33R-6 287.8 0.704 527 0.000 004 39.5 0.512 848 0.000 001 4.1 E-36R-4 130.2 0.713 103 0.000 004 33.0 0.512 309 0.000 002 -6.4 注：1σ SE为1倍标准偏差.
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