Cu-Mo-Au Metallogenesis and Minerogenetic Series during Superimposed Orogenesis Process in Gangdese
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摘要: 2001年以前西藏冈底斯斑岩铜钼多金属成矿带未列入国家重要成矿区带，而随后的成矿、找矿理论认识和方法创新，致使该带找矿取得历史性重大突破，新发现与评价了驱龙、甲玛、朱诺、雄村、努日、冲江、邦浦、蒙亚啊、洞中松多、查个勒等一系列大型-超大型矿床，仅探明的铜资源量就超过5 600万吨，形成了我国规模最大的世界级铜多金属勘查开发基地；新发现的矿床主要分布在南部拉萨地体及弧背断隆带，空间上的分布表现出东西成带、北东成行、交汇成矿、近等间距分布的规律性；同位素资料展示5期斑岩成矿作用(213 Ma、173~165 Ma、~45 Ma、~30 Ma、17~13 Ma)、5期矽卡岩成矿作用(~112 Ma、~77 Ma、67~55 Ma、~41~37 Ma、~23~16 Ma)及2期浅成低温热液成矿作用(~126 Ma、~65~55 Ma)；伴随着新特提斯洋的形成、俯冲、消减及印-亚陆陆碰撞，冈底斯带经历了增生造山、碰撞造山、陆内造山及均衡造山四大造山作用过程，揭示了含矿岩浆来源于不同时期俯冲的玄武质洋壳——以幔源物质为主、或以古老地壳为主、或以新生下地壳为主的部分熔融，形成了与不同造山作用相关的斑岩型-矽卡岩型-浅成低温热液型-岩浆热液脉型-热泉型等单一类型、或斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型等多种类型复合的一系列Cu-Mo-W-Ag-Sn-Au多金属矿床；复合造山过程中不同造山作用的叠加，使矿床展现出同源多位、同位多因、深源浅成、多因复成的成矿特征，并据此划分出晚三叠世与大陆弧岩浆有关的斑岩Cu-Au、中侏罗世与岛弧岩浆作用有关的斑岩Cu-Au、早白垩世与中酸性岩浆有关的矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型Fe-Ag-Pb-Zn(-Sn)、晚白垩世与中酸性侵入岩有关的Fe-Cu多金属、古新世-始新世与中酸性侵入岩有关的Fe-Cu多金属、古新世与陆相(次)火山岩有关的Ag-Sn-Au多金属、渐新世斑岩-矽卡岩型Cu-W-Mo(-Au)、中新世斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag、新生代热泉型Au-S-Cs矿床及盐类矿床等9大成矿系列；最后指出该带有待今后进一步深入研究与探索的科学问题，并预测朱诺矿集区仍有发现大-超大型斑岩铜矿床的潜力，将会成为冈底斯成矿带未来找矿最能取得重大突破的地区，为该带下一步的勘查工作部署与评价指明了方向.Abstract: The Gangdese copper-molybdenum polymetallic metallogenic belt in Tibet was not included in the national important metallogenic belts before 2001. However, the subsequent theoretical understanding and method innovation of mineralization and prospecting have led to a historic breakthrough in ore prospecting in this belt, newly finding of a series of large and super-large deposits such as Qulong, Jiama, Zhunuo, Xiongcun, Nuri, Chongjiang, Bangpu, Mengya'a, Dongzhongsongduo and Chagele. The proven copper resources alone exceed 56 million tons, forming the largest world-class copper polymetallic exploration and development base in China. The newly discovered deposits are mainly distributed in the southern Lhasa terrane and Gangdese back-arc fault uplift belt, and show the spatial distribution of east-west banding, parallel north-east and interjunction mineralization. The isotopic data show five-stage porphyry mineralization (213 Ma, 173-165 Ma, ~45 Ma, ~30 Ma, 17-13 Ma), five-stage skarn mineralization (~112 Ma, ~77 Ma, 67-55 Ma, ~41-37 Ma, ~23-16 Ma) and two-stage epithermal mineralization (~126 Ma, ~65-55 Ma). With the formation and subsequent subduction of the Neo-Tethys ocean, and India-Asia collision, the Gangdese belt has experienced four orogenic processes, including accretionary orogenesis, collisional orogenesis, intracontinental orogenesis and balanced orogenic process. The ore-bearing magma was derived from partial melting of basaltic oceanic crust dominated by mantle source material, or ancient crust, or juvenile lower crust during different periods, in which a series of Cu-Mo-W-Ag-Sn-Au polymetallic deposits have been formed including single types of porphyry, skarn, epithermal-hydrothermal vein, thermal spring deposits, or complex types of porphyry-skarn-epithermal deposits and so on. These deposits show the metallogenic characteristics of same source with multiple locations, same location with multiple genesis, deep source with shallow mineralization, as well as multiple genesis and complex formation, due to the superposition of different orogenies during superimposed orogenesis process. Therefore, nine minerogenetic series are classified: Late Triassic porphyry Cu-Au series related to arc-magmatism; Middle Jurassic porphyry Cu-Au series related to island arc magmatism; Early Cretaceous skarn-epithermal Fe-Ag-Pb-Zn(-Sn) series related to intermediate-acidic magma; Late Cretaceous Fe-Cu polymetallic series related to intermediate-acidic magma; Paleocene-Eocene Fe-Cu polymetallic series related to intermediate-acidic magma; Paleocene Ag-Sn-Au polymetallic series related to continental (sub) volcanic rocks; Oligocene porphyry-skarn Cu-W-Mo(-Au) series; Miocene porphyry-skarn-epithermal Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn-Ag series; Cenozoic hydrothermal spring Au-S-Cs deposits and salt mineralization series. Finally it proposes some scientific questions that remains to be further study and exploration in Gangdese belt, and predictes that Zhunuo deposit cluster still has the potential of finding large- superlarge porphyry copper deposits, where a major breakthrough can be achieved in the future ore-prospecting in the Gangdese metallogenic belt, indicating directions for the further exploration deployment and evaluation.
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Key words:
- orogenic stages /
- metallogenesis /
- minerogenetic series /
- geodynamic setting /
- Gangdese /
- Tibet /
- mineral deposit
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图 1 青藏高原构造单元划分图
据Yin and Harrison(2000)；JSSZ.金沙江缝合带；BNSZ.班公湖-怒江缝合带；SNMZ.狮泉河-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带；LMF.洛巴堆-米拉山断裂；IYZSZ.雅鲁藏布江缝合带
Fig. 1. Tectonic framework of the Tibetan plateau
图 2 冈底斯主要矿床分布(据Zheng et al., 2012修改)
1. 新近纪酸性-中酸性侵入岩；2. 古近纪酸性-中酸性侵入岩；3. 白垩纪酸性-中酸性侵入岩；4. 侏罗纪酸性-中酸性侵入岩；5. 三叠纪酸性-中酸性侵入岩；6. 中性侵入岩；7. 蛇绿岩；8. 火山岩；9. 地质界线；10.断裂构造
Fig. 2. The distribution of main deposits in Gangdese belt (modified from Zheng et al., 2012)
图 3 冈底斯铜多金属成矿带主要矿床类型与成矿时代(据Zheng et al., 2015修改)
Fig. 3. Types and mineralization ages of major ore deposits in the Gangdese copper polymetallic belt(modified from Zheng et al., 2015)
图 4 冈底斯主要斑岩铜矿床分布
据Zheng et al.(2015)；郑有业等(2017)修改
Fig. 4. The distribution of main porphyry deposits in Gangdese belt
图 5 驱龙矿区地质矿产图
1.第四系冲积物、洪积物、冰碛物；2.泥质、粉砂质凝灰质板岩；3.流纹-英安质岩屑、晶屑凝灰岩；4.安山玢岩及英安岩；5.英安-安山质含火山角砾的晶屑、岩屑凝灰岩；6.灰岩；7.(斑状)黑云母二长花岗岩(包括花岗闪长斑岩，多呈过渡关系)；8.花岗闪长岩；9.二长花岗斑岩；10.花岗斑岩；11.石英斑岩；12.流纹(斑)岩；13.河流铜染带；14.铜矿体及编号；15.正断层/逆断层；据郑有业等(2013)
Fig. 5. The geological and mineral resources map of Qulong deposit
图 6 驱龙16号勘探线剖面图
据西藏巨龙铜业有限公司，2008.西藏自治区墨竹工卡县驱龙矿区铜多金属矿勘查报告修改
Fig. 6. Cross section of No.16 exploration line in Qulong deposit
图 8 朱诺7号勘探线矿体剖面图(据Sun et al., 2018修编)
Fig. 8. The orebody profile of No.7 exploration line in Zhunuo deposit (modified from Sun et al., 2018)
图 9 蒙亚啊铅锌矿床地质图
据严军，刘洪涛，康亦民，等，2012.西藏自治区嘉黎县蒙亚啊矿区铅锌矿资源储量核实报告(内部报告). 西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第二地质大队，西藏
Fig. 9. The geological map of Mengya'a Pb-Zn deposit
图 10 冈底斯带斑岩Cu(-Mo-Au)矿化和斑岩Mo(-Cu)矿化相关侵入体的(a)87Sr/86Sr vs. εNd(t)和(b)锆石年龄vs. εHf(t)图解
数据来源：雄村(郎兴海，2012)、驱龙(王亮亮等，2006；杨志明等，2008)、吉如(Zheng et al., 2014a)、拉抗俄、达布、冲江(侯增谦等，2004)、沙让(Zhao et al., 2012)、汤不拉(王保弟等，2010)
Fig. 10. Plots of 87Sr/86Sr vs. εNd(t) (a) and U-Pb ages vs. εHf(t) (b) values of zircons for the intrusions associated with porphyry Cu(-Mo-Au) mineralization and porphyry Mo(-Cu) mineralization in the Gangdese belt
图 11 西藏主要斑岩矿床辉钼矿年龄vs. Re含量(a)和187Re vs. 187Os(b)对比图
数据来源：Zheng et al.(2015)；郑有业等(2017)及刘洪等(2019c)
Fig. 11. Diagrams of ages vs. Re content (a) and 187Re vs. 187Os (b) of molybdenite from main porphyry deposits in Tibet
图 12 冈底斯铜多金属矿床动力学模型
a.俯冲背景；b.碰撞背景；c.后碰撞背景；据Zheng et al.(2015)修改
Fig. 12. Geodynamic models of Gangdese copper polymetallic deposits
表 1 冈底斯铜多金属成矿带主要矿床特征
Table 1. Main features of the major ore deposits in the Gangdese copper polymetallic belt
编号 矿床名称 资源量/品位 矿化类型 赋矿围岩 成矿年龄(Ma) 参考文献 1 驱龙 Cu: 2 434万吨，0.31%①
Mo: 167万吨，0.021%①斑岩型Cu-Mo 下侏罗统叶巴组火山岩和中新世花岗岩 15.36±0.21
15.82~16.85
16.41±0.48郑有业等(2013)
孟祥金等(2003a)
芮宗瑶等(2003)2 拉抗俄 斑岩型Cu-Mo 中新世花岗岩 13.5 芮宗瑶等(2004) 3 达布 Cu: 50万吨，0.31% 斑岩型Cu-Mo 始新世和中新世花岗岩 14.7±0.2 侯增谦等(2004)
Wu et al. (2016)4 厅宫 Cu: 69万吨，0.5% 斑岩型Cu-Mo 古新世-始新世林子宗火山岩及始新世花岗岩 15.5±0.4 芮宗瑶等(2004) 5 冲江 Cu: 50万吨，0.67% 斑岩型Cu-Mo 始新世花岗岩 14.9±0.7
14.0±0.2侯增谦等(2004) 6 吉如 Cu: 18万吨，0.43% 斑岩型Cu-Mo 始新世和中新世花岗岩 44.9±2.6
15.2±0.4Zheng et al. (2014a) 7 雄村 Cu: ~240万吨，0.4%
Au: ~200吨，0.4 g/t
Ag: ~1 500吨，2 g/t斑岩型Cu-Au 侏罗纪岩浆岩 173.2±4.7
161.5±2.7唐菊兴等(2010b) 8 牙瓦夹格 斑岩型Cu-Au 三叠纪石英二长斑岩 213.1±5.2、
212.0±3.7刘洪等(2019c)
Chen et al.(2020)9 朱诺 Cu：308.9万吨，0.57%
Au：44.4吨，0.13g/t
Ag：1 506.3吨，2.5g/t
Mo：6.3万吨，0.017%斑岩型Cu-Mo 中新世花岗岩 13.7±0.6 郑有业等(2007b) 10 次玛班硕 未评审 斑岩型Cu-Mo 中新世花岗岩 16.2±0.3 未刊资料 11 北姆朗 未评审 斑岩型Cu-Mo 中新世花岗岩 13.45±0.18 未刊资料 12 吹败子 未评审 斑岩型Mo-Cu 中新世花岗岩 20.7±0.6 芮宗瑶等(2004) 13 汤不拉 Mo: 20万吨，0.095% 斑岩型Mo-Cu 中新世花岗岩 20.9±1.3 王保弟等(2010) 14 德明顶 未评审 斑岩型Mo-Cu 侏罗统石英斑岩和中新世花岗岩 21.3±1.7 未刊资料 15 沙让 Mo: 6万吨，0.061% 斑岩型Mo 上二叠统蒙拉组碎屑岩及灰岩、始新世花岗岩类 51.0±1.0
53.3±1.4秦克章等(2008)
郑有业等(2008)16 甲玛 Cu: 500万吨，1.0%
Mo: 55万吨，0.06%
Au: 105吨，0.38 g/t
Pb+Zn: 56万吨，1.8%
Ag: 7 000吨，17.1 g/t斑岩-矽卡岩Cu多金属 上侏罗统夺底沟组灰岩与下白垩统林布宗组砂岩接触带 14.7±0.2
14.8±0.8
15.2±0.6应立娟(2011)
唐菊兴等(2011)
秦志鹏等(2011)17 邦浦 Pb: 61万吨，12.3%，
Zn: 19万吨，3.9%
Ag: 853吨，172 g/t
Mo: 45万吨，0.08%
Cu: 92万吨，0.28%斑岩-矽卡岩Pb-Zn多金属 下二叠统凝灰质板岩与灰岩接触带和中新世花岗岩类 15.3±0.8 王立强等(2011)
Zhao et al. (2014)18 明则-程巴 Cu: 5.1万吨，0.98%
Mo: 6.2万吨，0.098%斑岩-矽卡岩Cu-Mo 下白垩统变粉砂岩与三叠系砂质板岩 30.2±0.9 孙祥等(2013) 19 冲木达 矽卡岩型Cu-Au 渐新世花岗岩 37.63~41.19 李光明等(2006)
Zheng et al. (2012)20 努日 WO3:19.7万吨，0.223%
Cu: 55万吨，0.7%
Mo: 3.2万吨，0.067%矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-W 下白垩统砂岩和石灰岩 23.4±0.5 闫学义等(2010)
江化寨等(2011)21 知不拉 Cu: 41万吨，1.42%
Au：8.32吨，0.29 g/t
Ag：332.6吨，11.6 g/t矽卡岩型Cu 上侏罗统叶巴组凝灰岩和灰岩 16.9±0.6
17.50±0.69李光明等(2005b)
郑有业等(2013)22 亚贵拉 Pb: 45万吨，4.25%
Zn: 23万吨，2.15%
Ag: 1 000吨，95 g/t矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Ag 上石炭统-下二叠统来姑组砂岩与灰岩接触带 65.0±1.9 李奋其等(2010)
高一鸣等(2011)23 洞中松多 Pb: 40万吨，2.5%
Zn: 36万吨，2.3%
Ag: 737吨，46 g/t
Cu: 3万吨，0.17%矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu 中二叠统洛巴堆组凝灰岩与碳酸盐岩接触带 辛存林等(2013) 24 洞中拉 Pb: 9万吨，9.6%
Zn: 8万吨，8.9%
Ag: 109吨，163 g/t矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Ag 中二叠统洛巴堆组板岩与碳酸盐岩接触带 费光春等(2010b) 25 龙马拉 Pb: 2.8万吨，14.6%
Zn: 1.2万吨，6.3%矽卡岩型Pb-Zn 中二叠统洛巴堆组板岩与碳酸盐岩接触带 56.3±0.5 Zheng et al.(2015) 26 蒙亚阿 Pb: 12万吨，2.1%
Zn: 37万吨，6.42%
Ag: 233吨，40 g/t
Cu: 1万吨，0.21%矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Ag 中二叠统洛巴堆组凝灰岩与碳酸盐岩接触带 54.8±0.4 Zheng et al.(2015) 27 勒青拉 Pb + Zn: 55万吨，7.74% 矽卡岩型Pb-Zn 中二叠统洛巴堆组板岩与碳酸盐岩接触带 Zhang et al. (2008) 28 加拉普 矽卡岩型Fe-Cu 上三叠统麦隆岗组灰岩 63.4±0.5 付强等(2014) 29 加多捕勒 矽卡岩型Fe-Cu 古新世-始新世花岗岩 50.9±1.8 于玉帅等(2012a) 30 恰功 Fe矿石: 4 400万吨，33% 矽卡岩型Fe 古新世二长花岗岩与下白垩统灰岩 67.4±0.8
56.9±2.6李应栩等(2011) 31 尼雄 Fe矿石: 13 800万吨，60% 矽卡岩型Fe 中二叠统下拉组灰岩；上二叠统敌布错组碎屑岩 112.3 于玉帅等(2011a)
于玉帅等(2012b)32 纳如松多 Pb + Zn: 45万吨，12% 浅成低温热液型Ag-Pb-Zn 古新统-始新统林子宗火山凝灰岩和隐爆角砾岩 57.8±0.7 纪现华等(2014) 33 则学 Pb: 10万吨，4.5%
Zn: 3万吨，1.6%
Ag: 170吨，81 g/t浅成低温热液型Ag-Pb-Zn 古新统-始新统林子宗火山岩 本文 34 斯弄多 Pb: 14万吨，5.3%
Zn: 16万吨，6.0%浅成低温热液型Ag-Pb-Zn 花岗斑岩与下二叠统灰岩 60.9/63.0(伊利石坪年龄) 钱建平等(2013)
丁帅(2017)35 罗布真 未评审 浅成低温热液型Ag-Au-Pb-Zn 始新统林子宗火山岩与中新世花岗岩类 50.1±0.2/17.1±0.1(锆石U-Pb年龄)；
21.1±1.8(石英脉Rb-Sr同位素等时线)Sun et al.(2017)
Huang et al.(2019)36 诺仓 未评审 矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu 下二叠统昂杰组灰岩与矽卡岩接触带 59.83±0.61Ma(蚀变云母) 未刊资料 37 打加错 Pb+Zn: 10万吨，Pb: 3.23%，Zn: 3.52%；
Ag: 350吨，99.29g/t浅成低温热液型Ag-Pb-Zn 林子宗群古近系典中组火山岩 ~61(单个辉钼矿Re-Os) 未刊资料 38 北纳 未备案 浅成低温热液型Cu 林子宗群古近系典中组火山岩 ~64.6(锆石U-Pb年龄) Liu et al. (2019) 39 查个勒 Pb+Zn: 111万吨，Pb: 2.05%，Zn: 3.28% 斑岩-矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu-Mo 中二叠统下拉组灰岩与花岗斑岩接触带 61.49±0.6 高顺宝等(2012) 40 帮布勒 Pb+Zn: 67万吨，Pb: 2.84%，Zn: 3.30% 矽卡岩型Pb-Zn-Cu-Mo 中二叠统下拉组灰岩和白垩纪中酸性侵入岩接触带 ~77(锆石U-Pb年龄) 田坎等(2019) 41 拔隆 未备案 浅成低温热液型Ag-Sn-Pb-Zn 下白垩统则弄群火山岩 ~126.5(锆石U-Pb年龄) 高顺宝等(2020) 42 弄如日 未备案 浅成低温热液型Au矿 上侏罗统-下白垩统林布宗红柱石角岩 19.7±0.3(蚀变绢云母) 黄瀚霄等(2012) 注：①西藏巨龙铜业有限公司, 2008-02至2018-07.西藏自治区墨竹工卡县驱龙矿区铜多金属矿资源储量核实报告；表中报道的成矿年龄除个别标注具体定年方法外，剩余的均为辉钼矿Re-Os定年结果. 
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