Analysis of the Geological Characteristics and Tectono-Magmatic Evolution Processes of the Madagascar Plateau
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摘要: 马达加斯加海台（MADP）作为冈瓦纳大陆分离裂解的产物，具有独特的地形、地球物理特征。通过对穿过MADP区域深反射地震剖面A-A'的解释和分析，结合重、磁异常数据，深入研究了MADP的地质属性、地壳结构和沉积地层格架，阐明了马达加斯加南部陆缘岩石圈伸展破裂的构造演化过程.通过重、震资料分析，将MADP分为北部薄化陆壳、洋陆转换带（OCT）和南部增厚的洋壳.马达加斯加南部陆缘在133 Ma经历了裂谷作用后，在120 Ma岩石圈伸展破裂并形成岩浆型被动陆缘，后续在Marion热点作用下（90~50 Ma），陆壳与洋壳在岩浆作用下进一步增厚，最终形成了现在的MADP.进一步深化了MADP发育演化过程的认识，对于西南印度洋海底高地形属性的确定具有重要的实际应用价值.Abstract: The Madagascar Plateau (MADP), as a product of the separation of the Gondwana continent, exhibits unique topographic and geophysical characteristics. Through the interpretation and analysis of deep reflection seismic section A-A' across the MADP region, combined with gravity and magnetic anomaly data, the geological properties, crustal structure and sedimentary stratigraphic framework of the MADP are deeply studied, and the tectonic evolution process of lithosphere extension and rupture in the southern continental margin of Madagascar is clarified.Based on gravity and seismic data analysis, the MADP can be subdivided into the thinned continental crust in the north, the oceanic-continental transition zone (OCT) in the mid, and the thickened oceanic crust in the south. After undergoing rifting at 133 Ma, the southern continental margin of Madagascar experienced extension and rupture at 120 Ma, leading to the formation of a magmatic passive continental margin. Subsequently, influenced by the Marion hotspot (90–50 Ma), the continental and oceanic crust underwent further thickening due to magmatic activity, ultimately resulting in the present-day Madagascar Passive Margin (MADP). This research enhances our understanding of the development and evolution of MADP and has significant practical implications for determining seafloor high terrain attributes in the southwest Indian Ocean.
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Key words:
- Madagascar Plateau /
- submarine elevation /
- mid-ocean ridge /
- Proto-oceanic crust /
- Marion hotspot /
- marine geology
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图 1 马达加斯加海台位置及周边地形特征
西南印度洋中脊水深分布图，沿洋脊中央裂谷的黑线为扩张中心；间隔20 Ma的地壳年龄用白色线表示，并用黑色数字标注（洋壳年龄参考Earth Byte），白色点划线包围区域为根据磁异常数据和地震反射数据推测的SWIR作用域（余星等，2020），黑色虚线包围区域为海底高原，白色实心圆代表不同年龄的Marion热点位置，热点轨迹及年龄参考张涛等（2011），绿色点为DSDP246、247钻井位置（Schlich et al., 1974）；MADP. 马达加斯加海台；MOZP. 莫桑比克海底高原；AGP. 厄加勒斯海底高原；DCR. 德尔卡诺隆起；KP. 凯尔盖朗海底高原；CR. 康拉德隆起；BTJ. 布维三联点；RTJ. 罗德里格斯三联点
Fig. 1. The location and surrounding topography of Madagascar plateau
图 2 马达加斯加海台地球物理特征
位置见图 1中的黄色虚线；白色虚线为根据磁异常数据、地震反射数据和重力异常数据推断的西南印度洋作用域边界；a. 马达加斯加海台自由空间重力异常（Sandwell et al., 2014）；b. 马达加斯加海台布格重力异常；c.马达加斯加海台磁异常（Meyer et al., 2017）；d.基于地震资料约束的地壳厚度反演结果
Fig. 2. The Geophysical characteristics of the Madagascar plateau
图 3 测线A-A'剖面清绘图和构造解释图
a. 沿剖面重、磁异常数据； b.地震剖面；c. 地震剖面线描图；d.地震剖面解释； SDRs. 向海倾斜反射体；OCT. 洋陆转换带；FAA. 自由空间重力异常；MAG. 磁异常；测线位置见图 1
Fig. 3. The structural stratigraphic interpretation of Line A-A'
图 4 马达加斯加海台区域构造-岩浆演化历史及关键界面划分
Reeves and de Wit（2000）；张涛等（2011）；Reeves（2014，2017）；Reeves et al.（2016）；Tuck-Martin et al.（2018）；Afr. 非洲板块；Ind. 印度板块；Ant. 南极洲板块；Mad. 马达加斯加岛；SWIR. 西南印度洋脊；S.L.. 斯里兰卡岛；MB. 莫桑比克海盆；WSB. 西索马里海盆；MasB. 马斯克林海盆；MadP. 马达加斯加海台；DFZ. 戴维转换断层；RTJ. 罗德里格斯三联点；Mp. 马里昂地幔柱
Fig. 4. Tectono-magmatic evolution history and division of key interfaces in the Madagascar plateau region
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