Coseismic Surface Deformation of the 2025 Ms6.8 Dingri Earthquake in Tibet, China Based on GaoFen-7 Imagery and DSM Differencing Technique
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摘要: 精细的同震地表变形是理解断层浅层破裂机制和准确评估地震危害的关键参数. 首次利用中国高分七号光学影像和数字地表模型差分技术获取了2025年1月7日西藏定日地震高分辨率的同震地表垂向形变场，揭示的发震断层地表形迹与垂向位移特征与正断活动为主的登么错断裂吻合，表明本次地震为正断型地震. 本次地震造成长42 km的地表形变带，垂向位移幅度、形变梯度和形变带宽度具有明显的分段性，与断层几何复杂性和动态破裂过程有关. 自北向南分为N22°E的扎南拉段、N160°E的登么错湖段和N25°E的措果乡段；显著变形集中发生在扎南拉段，最大垂向位移约2.97±0.20 m；登么错段地表变形最微弱，可能与断层走向变化有关. 沿同震形变带多处宽度达100~150 m，表明在断层周围上百米范围内的弥散性变形可能被忽视或被低估，有必要开展高精度地连续形变测量.Abstract: High-precision coseismic surface deformation is a key parameter for understanding shallow fault rupture mechanisms and accurately assessing seismic hazard. For the first time, GaoFen-7 imagery and Digital Surface Model (DSM) differencing technique were employed to obtain high-resolution coseismic surface vertical deformation associated with the January 7, 2025 Dingri Ms6.8 earthquake in Tibet, China. The revealed surface trace of the seismogenic fault and vertical deformation characteristics coincide with the Dengmocuo Fault dominated by normal faulting, indicating that the earthquake was a normal-faulting event. This earthquake generated a 42-kilometer-long surface deformation zone, with distinct segmentation in both deformation amplitude, gradient and width related to fault geometric complexity and dynamic rupture process. The deformation zone is divided into three segments from north to south: the N22°E-trending Zhananla segment, the N160°E-trending Dengmocuo Lake segment, and the N25°E-trending Cuoguoxiang segment. Pronounced deformation occurred in the Zhananla segment, reaching a maximum vertical displacement of approximately 2.97±0.20 m meters. The surface deformation observed along the Dengmocuo Lake segment is the least pronounced, potentially attributable to a change in the fault's orientation.The width of the coseismic deformation zone on fault segments spans 100 to 150 meters, suggesting that the diffuse deformation occurring within a limited volume surrounding the faults may be overlooked or underestimated, so it is necessary to carry out high-precision continuous monitoring.
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图 1 青藏高原南部正断层裂谷系
断层改自Tapponnier et al.（2001）；1976年以来的Mw≥6.0震源机制解引自GCMT；1976年以前的M > 7.5地震来自《全球地震目录》和《全球地震灾害信息目录》
Fig. 1. Normal fault rift system in southern Tibetan Plateau
图 3 登么错断裂不同段落的地形差异
a.登么错断裂带地形剖面；b.扎南拉段断层槽谷；c. 登么错湖段断层陡坎；d. 措果乡段断层坡折带
Fig. 3. Topographic variations along different segments of Dengmocuo Fault
图 4 基于DSM差分技术获取地表垂向形变场路线图
Fig. 4. Technique framework for surface vertical deformation derived by DSM differencing methodology
图 5 震前、震后DSM及精度评估
a.震前DSM；b.震后DSM；c. 震前震后DSM高程分布直方图；d. 拟合残差分布图
Fig. 5. Pre- and post-earthquake DSM and accuracy assessment
图 6 全域高程差分布趋势及其与坡度的相关性
a.高程差分布；b. 全域高程差分图；c.高程差与坡度的相关性
Fig. 6. Distribution trend of elevation differences in the entire region and its correlation with slope gradients
图 7 近场（<1 km）高程差分布趋势及其与坡度的相关性
a.高程差分布；b. 近场（<1 km）高程差分图；c. 高程差与坡度的相关性
Fig. 7. Distribution trend of elevation differences in the near field and its correlation with slope gradients
图 8 近场（<1 km）分段高程差分布趋势及其与坡度的相关性
Fig. 8. Distribution trend of elevation differences in the near field along each fault segment
图 9 跨断层同震垂向位移测量示意图
a.形变梯度 > 1%的实例；b. 形变梯度<1%的实例
Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of cross-fault coseismic vertical displacement measurement
图 10 定日地震地表垂向形变
a.沿登么错断裂垂向位移分布图；b.垂向位移沿走向分布；c.光学垂向位移及误差；d.光学形变梯度；e.形变带宽度
Fig. 10. Surface vertical displacements of the Dingri Earthquake
图 11 不同断层段地表垂向变形及其误差、形变带宽度
Fig. 11. Comparison of surface vertical deformations, their errors and deformation zone widths among different fault segments
表 1 来自不同机构的定日地震震源机制解
Table 1. The earthquake source mechanism of the Dingri earthquake by different institutions
来源 纬度(N) 经度(E) 深度（km） 震级（Mw） 节面Ⅰ（°） 节面Ⅱ（°） 走向 倾角 滑动角 走向 倾角 滑动角 CENC 28.590° 87.330° 15.0 7.10 348 40 -100 181 51 -81 GCMT 28.560° 87.470° 12.0 7.10 356 42 -88 173 48 -92 USGS 28.573° 87.375° 11.5 7.05 349 42 -103 187 49 -78 GFZ 28.570° 87.410° 14.0 7.10 0 49 -79 164 41 -102 注：CENC（中国地震台网中心， https://www.cenc.ac.cn/cenc/tpxw/414670/index.html ），GCMT（全球矩心矩张量，https://www.globalcmt.org/ ），USGS（美国地质调查局，https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000pi9w/moment-tensor ），GFZ（德国地球科学研究中心，https://geofon.gfz.de/eqinfo/event.php？id=gfz2025albe ）.
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表 2 定日地震震前和震后高分七号影像序列
Table 2. GF-7 satellite imagery sequences before and after the Dingri earthquake
卫星类型 产品序列号 轨道号 产品级别 数据采集时间 GF-7 1351763 23451 LEVEL1A 2023-12-05 GF-7 1351764 23451 LEVEL1A 2023-12-05 GF-7 1351765 23451 LEVEL1A 2023-12-05 GF-7 1834696 29736 LEVEL1A 2025-01-16 GF-7 1834697 29736 LEVEL1A 2025-01-16 GF-7 1834698 29736 LEVEL1A 2025-01-16
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