盆地圈层结构与城市地质安全

彭建兵; 王飞永; 徐继山

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2025.093

盆地圈层结构与城市地质安全

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2025.093

彭建兵^{1, 2, ,},
王飞永¹,
徐继山³

1.
中国地质大学地质安全研究院, 北京 100083
2.
长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 陕西西安 710054
3.
中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院, 江苏徐州 221116

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目：太原盆地交城地裂缝带成因机理研究 42207202

华北平原典型断控型地裂缝及其“深-表”破裂过程 42177123

详细信息

作者简介:
彭建兵（1953-），男，教授，博士，中国科学院院士，长期从事工程地质与灾害地质方面的教学与科研工作. ORCID：0000-0002-3813-3322. E-mail：dicexy_1@chd.edu.cn

中图分类号: P642
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-06-11
- 刊出日期: 2025-08-25

Basin Layered Structure and Urban Geological Safety

1.
Institute of Geosafety, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
2.
College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
3.
College of Resources and Earth Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

摘要

摘要: 随着我国城镇化水平不断提高，城市规模持续扩大，各大城市群建设趋于发展成熟，城市发展空间与生态环境压力日益凸显，这给城市地质安全及人居环境带来了严峻挑战，因而亟需开展系统性研究以保障居民生活与社会稳定. 运用地球系统科学思维，在阐释圈层结构普遍性及其互馈作用的基础上，系统分析盆地各圈层结构与城市地质安全的内在关联，包括基底构造圈、盖层结构圈、水文循环圈、地下空间圈、地面工程圈，深入剖析各圈层动力作用下城市地质安全风险类型及其危害，最终揭示盆地各圈层相互关系及其互馈机制与城市地质安全风险的内在联系. 即：基底构造圈→易灾构造环境→区域失稳风险，盖层结构圈→易灾关键层带→局域群灾风险；水文循环圈→易灾水文条件→城域陷裂风险，地下空间圈→易灾交互地带→围岩变形风险，地面工程圈→易灾群集空间→浅表灾变风险. 上下级圈层相互关联、相互影响，圈层互馈作用研究对城市地质安全预警与防控至关重要. 上述认识为城市地质安全风险防范提供了新思路，支撑安全中国、美丽中国等国家重大战略实施.
- 城市地质安全 /
- 盆地圈层结构 /
- 圈层互馈 /
- 灾害风险 /
- 工程地质
Abstract: With the continuous improvement of urbanization levels in China and the ongoing expansion of urban scales, the construction of major city clusters is becoming more mature. However, the pressure on urban development space and ecological environment is increasingly prominent, posing severe challenges to urban geological safety and the living environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct systematic research to ensure the quality of life for residents and social stability. This paper applies earth system science thinking and, based on explaining the universality of the layered structure and its feedback interactions, systematically analyzes the intrinsic relationship between the various layered structures of basins and urban geological safety. This includes the basement structural layer, the cover layer structure, the hydrological cycle layer, the underground space layer, and the surface engineering layer. It thoroughly examines the types of urban geological safety risks and their hazards under the dynamic influences of each layer, ultimately revealing the internal link between the interrelationships and feedback mechanisms of basin layers and urban geological safety risks. Specifically: Basement structural zone→Disaster-prone structural environment→Regional instability risk; Cap rock structure zone→Disaster-prone key layer zone→Localized cluster disaster risk; Hydrological cycle zone→Disaster-prone hydrological conditions→Urban ground subsidence risk; Subsurface space zone→Disaster-prone interaction zone →Surrounding rock deformation risk; Ground engineering zone→Disaster-prone clustered space →Shallow surface disaster risks. The interrelation and interaction between the layers, as well as the feedback effects, are crucial for urban geological safety early warning and risk prevention and control. These insights provide new perspectives for urban geological safety risk prevention, supporting the implementation of national strategies such as Safe China and Beautiful China.
- urban geological safety /
- basin layered structure /
- layered feedback interactions /
- disaster risk /
- engineering geology

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图 1 我国城市群与城市地质灾害分布及典型灾害事件

Fig. 1. Distribution of urban agglomerations and geological disasters in China and typical disaster events

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图 2 盆地圈层组成及构成要素

Fig. 2. Components and constituent elements of basin layers

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图 3 盆地圈层-关键作用-地质风险的城市地质安全研究框架

Fig. 3. Research framework of urban geological safety based on the relationship among basin layers, key functions, and geological risks

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图 4 基底构造圈动力作用与区域地质安全风险关系

Fig. 4. Relationship between basement tectonic dynamics and regional geological safety risks

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图 5 盆地地震断层风险与典型地震事件

a. 西安高分辨折射地震剖面P波速度结构与地表断裂分布图（彭建兵等，2012）；b. 1739年银川盆地平罗地震（雷启云等，2015）；c. 1556年关中盆地的华县地震（徐岳仁等，2018b）；d. 1976年华北平原唐山地震（李占飞等，2022）

Fig. 5. Seismic fault risk in basins and typical seismic events

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图 6 盖层构造动力作用与局域地质安全风险关系

Fig. 6. Relationship between tectonic dynamics of sedimentary cover and local geological safety risks

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图 7 鄂尔多斯周缘盆地与渭河盆地区域构造动力及地裂群发风险

a. 鄂尔多斯地块及其周缘盆地（彭建兵等，2017）；b.c渭河盆地区域构造应力场与地裂缝分布之间的关系（王飞永，2016）

Fig. 7. Tectonic dynamics and ground fissure risks in the Ordos Peripheral Basin and Weihe Basin

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图 8 水文循环动力作用与城域地质安全风险关系

Fig. 8. Relationship between hydrological cycle dynamics and geological safety risks in urban regions

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图 9 京津冀地区地面沉降与河北平原地裂缝灾害分布

a. 京津冀地区不同层位地下水漏斗分布（郭海朋，2021）；b. 京津冀地区地面沉降程度分区（郭海朋，2021）；c. 河北平原地裂缝分布图

Fig. 9. Land Subsidence in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and ground fissures in the Hebei Plain

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图 10 地下岩土动力作用与围岩地质安全风险关系

Fig. 10. Relationship between subsurface geotechnical dynamics and surrounding rock deformation risks

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图 11 隧道与基坑施工引发岩土体变形类型

a. 地下隧道开挖引发次生灾害模式；b. 基坑开挖引|发的主要灾变风险类型

Fig. 11. Types of geotechnical deformation induced by tunnel and excavation construction

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图 12 地面工程动力作用与浅表灾变风险关系

Fig. 12. Relationship between ground engineering dynamics and shallow surface disaster risks

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图 13 盆地圈层互馈与城市地质安全关联机制

Fig. 13. Feedback mechanism between basin lithospheric layers and urban geological safety

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