Surface Deformation Characteristics and Seismo-Tectonics of the 2025 Dingri Ms6.8 Earthquake in Southern Tibet
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摘要: 破坏性地震等自然灾害不仅会引起区域生态环境恶化，导致水土流失和地方贫困化，更为直接的影响就是人民生命财产的损失及对民居等地面建筑的破坏和地表变形.通过野外现场地面调查综合分析了2025年1月7日藏南定日6.8级地震形成的地表变形特征，地面沉降及造成的建筑物倒塌破坏情况.沿丁木错断裂从北海拔5 500多米垂向位移 > 185 cm向南至丁木错东海拔4 200多米垂向位移<120 cm，整体由北向南的垂向位移强度有所减小；北段断层陡坎倾向西，丁木错断裂上盘整体下降，局部地段呈台阶式依次下降，导致冰蚀U型谷中冰水沉积物及坡脚冲洪积物出现最高可达3 m的陡坎；干枯的牛粪、冻土鼓包及巨大的冰漂砾被左行错断，显示此次地震还有较明显的走滑特征. 丁木错东更新世洪冲积物中出现南北延伸较长且东西宽度达50 m的地表变形，以中部塌陷呈地堑式张性破裂为主，张性破裂出现的陡坎高度一般不超过120 cm，在张性破裂的前缘端即靠近丁木错局部地段还发育高约50 cm的挤压隆起和地震鼓包. 位于地表地裂缝中心地带的吉翁村和古荣村等村庄是本次地震受灾最为严重的村区.结合区域地质背景分析表明，定日地震是伸展构造控制的浅源破坏性地震，新生代地幔热物质的底辟上涌，活化了以南北向丁木错平移正断层及近东西向藏南拆离系为代表的伸展构造，从而在这些伸展构造交汇部位释放能量引起地震.Abstract: Destructive earthquakes and other natural disasters not only cause deterioration of the regional ecological environment, but also lead to soil erosion and local poverty, but also have a more direct impact on the loss of people's lives and property, as well as the destruction and deformation of ground buildings such as residential buildings. The Surface deformation characteristics, ground subsidence, and building collapse caused by the Ms 6.8 earthquake occurred in Dingri County, southern Tibet on January 7, 2025 were comprehensively analyzed through field investigations. The vertical displacement intensity along the Dingmu Co fault decreases from vertical displacement of over 185 cm at an altitude of over 5 500 meters in the north to vertical displacement of less than 120 cm at an altitude of over 4 200 meters in the east of Dingmu Co; The northern section has a westward drop, which is due to the overall descent of the upper plate of the Dingmu Co fault, with some sections descending in a stepped manner, resulting in steep slopes of up to 3 meters for ice water sediments and slope foot alluvial deposits in the ice eroded U-shaped valley; Occasionally, dry cow manure, Permafrost bulge, and huge ice debris being left displaced, indicating that this earthquake also had obvious strike slip characteristics. A Surface deformation with a north-south extension and an east-west width of up to 50 meters appeared in the alluvial deposits of the eastern Pleistocene in Dingmu Co, characterized by a central collapse and overall westward subsidence. The steep slope of the tensile rupture generally does not exceed 120 cm, and up to 50 cm squeezing uplift and seismic bulges are also developed at the leading edge of the tensile rupture, near the local section of Dingmu Co. The villages of Jiweng and Gurong, located in the center of the surface fissure, were the most severely affected by the Dingri earthquake. Except for a few cement and brick houses, most of the houses collapsed, making them the most severely affected villages in this earthquake. Based on the analysis of regional geological background, the Dingri earthquake is a shallow source destructive earthquake controlled by extensional structures. The upwelling of mantle thermal material in the Cenozoic era activated extensional structures represented by the north-south Dingmu Co strike-slip normal fault and the nearly east-west Tibetan southern detachment system, releasing energy at the intersection of these extensional structures and causing earthquakes.
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Key words:
- South Tibet /
- Dingri earthquake /
- surface deformation /
- genetic mechanism /
- extensional structure /
- earthquake
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图 1 青藏高原大地构造格架图
1. 正断层；2. 拆离断层；3. 逆冲断层；4. 走滑断层；5. 缝合带；6. 定日地震；Ⅰ. 主前缘逆冲推覆构造带；Ⅱ. 藏南拆离系；Ⅲ. 雅鲁藏布江缝合带；Ⅳ. 班公湖-怒江缝合带；Ⅴ. 龙木错-双湖-沧江缝合带；Ⅵ. 西昆仑-金沙江缝合带；Ⅶ. 木孜塔格-玛沁-广济断裂带
Fig. 1. Geotechnical framework map of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau
图 2 定日地震及邻区地质构造图
Fig. 2. Geological structure map of the Dingri earthquake and adjacent areas
图 3 定日地震对不同村庄房屋破坏影响照片
a.吉定村房屋破坏照片；b.强嘎村房屋破坏照片；c.嘎布村房屋破坏照片；d.玉白村房屋破坏照片
Fig. 3. Photos of house damageof the several villages
图 4 定日地震地表变形带的展布，野外调查点的分布及垂向位移测量对比图
Fig. 4. Distribution map of surface deformations, field survey points and vertical displacement measurement of the Dingri earthquake
图 5 锯齿状张性地表变形野外照片
a.强嘎村左行特征明显的地表变形；b.错果湖左行特征不明显的地表变形；c，d. 尼辖错左行特征明显的地表变形；e. 朋曲河旁左行特征不明显的地表变形
Fig. 5. Field photos of serrated tensile surface deformations
图 6 平直地裂缝野外照片
a.T字形地表变形；b.Y字形地表变形；c.三角形地表变形
Fig. 6. Field photos of flat surface deformations
图 7 不同组合特征的地表变形野外照片
a，b. 台阶式组合特征的地表变形；c，d. 地堑式组合特征的地表变形
Fig. 7. Field photos of surface fractures with different combinations of features
图 8 平移地表变形野外照片
a. 干枯的牛粪指示左行滑动；b，c. 冻土鼓包指示左行滑动；d.松散的洪冲积物指示微弱右行滑动
Fig. 8. Strike-slip surface deformations
图 10 地表变形与房屋裂缝对比照片
a. 墙体中的破裂缝与地表变形有明显错移；b. 墙体中的破裂缝与地表变形重合；c. 多组地表变形交汇于墙体；d.张性地表变形导致墙体中形成多条错位的破裂
Fig. 10. Comparison photos of surface deformation house fissures
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