Seismic Damage Characteristics Investigation of Dingri Ms6.8 Earthquake in Xizang
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摘要: 为研究西藏定日6.8级地震房屋的震害机理，通过实地调查，发现本次地震中土木结构出现的震害主要有倒塌、整体倒塌、墙体开裂、木构件受损；框架结构出现倒塌，梁柱构件发生损伤的建筑较少而且损伤较轻，震害主要出现在多层建筑的框架填充墙；砌体结构出现局部倒塌，底框架砌体结构节点受损严重，承重墙开裂.总结了各类建筑结构的震害特征并进行分析，结果表明土木结构存在竖向刚度不均匀、平面刚度不均匀，墙体整体性差等问题；部分框架结构存在拉结筋缺失、柱子配筋率低、混凝土级配差等问题；砌体结构存在砂浆强度不足、缺乏抗震措施等问题. 最后针对本次地震中房屋出现的震害特征提出了抗震加固建议.Abstract: In order to study the Seismic damage mechanism.Based on the field investigation, it was found that the seismic damages of adobe-timber structures are collapse, partial collapse, cracking on walls, damage to timber parts, frame structure occured collapse, the damage to the beams and columns is rare and light, and the seismic damage mainly occurred in infilled walls.Masonry structures occured partial collapse, the joints of bottom frame structures were seriously damaged, shear damage to walls.The result shows that adobe-timber structures exist vertical rigidity irregular, plane rigidity irregular, poor integrity of wall, etc.Frame structures exit the construction quality problem like lack of tie bar, low reinforcement ratio in columns and poor quality of concrete.Masonry structures also exit construction quality problems, such as low mortar strength, lack of seismic measures, etc.At the end of this article, some suggestions about the buliding defects are provided in order to provide ideas for reinforcement and reconstruction.
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图 1 西藏定日6.8级地震烈度图
Fig. 1. Seismic Intensity Map of survey points of the 6.8 magnitude Earthquake in Dingri, Xizang
图 4 地上承重体系
a. 模式一展示图；b. 模式一一层承重；c. 模式二展示图；d. 模式二一层承重；e. 平搁节点；f. 暗梢连接节点；g. 钉装节点；h. 二层木构件
Fig. 4. Load-bearing system above ground
图 6 倒塌、局部坍塌及二层面积减少现象
a. 倒塌（定日县长所乡森噶村，Ⅸ度区）；b. 倒塌（拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，Ⅷ度区）；c. 二层倒塌（拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，Ⅷ度区）；d. 单侧倒塌（定日县措果乡吉翁村，Ⅷ度区）；e. “凹”型；f. “凹”型；g.“L”型；h.“日”字型
Fig. 6. Collapse、partial collapse and reduced building area reduction of second floor
图 7 墙体的震害
a. 墙角破坏（定日县曲洛乡吉翁村，Ⅷ度区）；b. 纵横墙脱开（定日县曲洛乡吉翁村，Ⅷ度区）；c. 梁下墙体开裂（Ⅶ度区拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，）；d. 梁下墙体开裂（拉孜县曲下镇耐莎，Ⅶ度区）；e. 门窗洞口开裂（拉孜县曲下镇曲下，Ⅶ度区）；f. 墙体斜向裂缝（拉孜县曲下镇耐莎，Ⅶ度区）；g. 墙体竖裂缝（定日县曲洛乡木队村，Ⅷ度区）；h. 墙体外闪坍塌（拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，Ⅷ度区）
Fig. 7. Seismic damage of walls
图 8 节点震害
a. 柱头开裂（拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，Ⅷ度区）；b. 元宝木开裂（定日县曲洛乡曲洛，Ⅷ度区）；c. 拔榫（拉孜县芒普乡达龙村，Ⅷ度区）；d. 节点歪斜（昂仁县日吾其乡色米村Ⅵ度区）
Fig. 8. Seismic damages of joints
图 9 非承重构件及附属结构的震害
a.围墙倒塌（拉孜县查务乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；b.围墙大门门头掉落（拉孜县查务乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；c.厕所墙体开裂（拉孜县查务乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；d. 厕所墙体开裂（拉孜县查务乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；e. 厕所墙体开裂（拉孜县查务乡森坚村Ⅶ度区）；f. 厕所墙体开裂（定日县加措门当岗村乡Ⅷ度区）
Fig. 9. Seismic damages of accessory structure
图 10 框架结构倒塌
a. 底层倒塌（定日县曲洛乡嘎白村Ⅸ度区）；b. 底层倒塌（定日县曲洛乡嘎白村Ⅸ度区）；c. 柱子配筋率不足（定日县曲洛乡嘎白村Ⅸ度区）
Fig. 10. Collapsed frame structure
图 11 承重构件的震害
a. 柱体开裂（定日县曲洛乡嘎白村Ⅸ度区）；b. 梁头混凝土剥落（拉孜县中心医院Ⅶ度区）；c. 梁中开裂（拉孜县芒普乡幼儿园Ⅶ度区）
Fig. 11. Seismic damages of load-bearing components
图 12 填充墙震害
a. 交接处震害（拉孜县曲下镇曲下村Ⅶ度区）；b. 交接处震害（定日县曲洛乡左措村Ⅸ度区）；c. 交接处震害（定日县加措乡门当岗村Ⅶ度区）；d. 不设拉结筋（拉孜县芒普乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；e. 填充墙顶斜砌（拉孜县曲下镇Ⅶ度区）；f洞口角部开裂（拉孜县曲下镇耐莎Ⅶ度区）；g. 电表口裂缝（拉孜县曲下镇耐莎Ⅶ度区）；h. 洞口间开裂（拉孜县曲下镇耐莎Ⅶ度区）；i. 洞口间墙体开裂（定日县曲洛乡左措村Ⅶ度区）；j. 墙体开裂（定日县曲洛乡左措村Ⅶ度区）；k. 斜裂缝（定日县曲洛乡左措村Ⅶ度区）；l. 交叉裂缝（定日县曲洛乡左措村Ⅶ度区）
Fig. 12. Seismic damages of infilled wall
图 14 砌体结构震害
a. 承重墙开裂（拉孜县拉孜镇拉龙村Ⅵ度区）；b. 承重墙开裂（拉孜县拉孜镇拉龙村Ⅵ度区）；c. 承重墙开裂（定日县加措乡拉龙村Ⅵ度区）；d. 窗间墙受损（拉孜县查务乡查务村Ⅶ度区）；e. 屋盖滑落（定日县曲洛乡噶白村Ⅸ度区）；f. 节点受损（定日县曲洛乡噶白村Ⅸ度区）
Fig. 14. Seismic damages of masonry structure
图 15 非承重构件震害
a.女儿墙掉落（拉孜县拉孜镇拉龙村，Ⅵ度区）；b.女儿墙掉落（拉孜县拉孜镇拉龙村，Ⅵ度区）；c. 女儿墙掉落（拉孜县曲下镇曲下村，Ⅶ度区）；d. 牛粪砖散落（拉孜县曲下镇曲下村，Ⅶ度区）；e. 装饰斗拱掉落（拉孜县拉孜镇拉孜村，Ⅵ度区）；f. 装饰斗拱开裂（（拉孜县拉孜镇拉孜村，Ⅵ度区）；g. 风旗插台断裂（拉孜县拉孜镇拉孜村，Ⅵ度区）；h. 风旗插台受损（拉孜县曲下镇曲下村，Ⅶ度区）；i. 民用房吊顶损坏（（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）；j. 公用房吊顶损坏（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）；k. 瓷砖掉落（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）；l. 管道包柱受损（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）；m. 玻璃受损（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）；n. 玻璃受损（拉孜县曲下镇市区，Ⅶ度区）
Fig. 15. Seismic damages of non load-bearing structure
表 1 5.0级及以上历史地震信息（1949—2025年）
Table 1. The records of earthquakes above 5.0 magnitude(1949-2025)
地震时间
(年/月/日)位置 震级 经度
(°E)纬度
(°N)深度(km) 距离(km) 2020/03/20 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.9 87.42 28.63 10 15 2016/05/22 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.3 87.59 28.41 6 17 2016/05/22 西藏自治区日喀则市定结县 5.3 87.60 28.36 10 21 2015/04/25 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.9 87.30 28.40 20 18 2001/04/28 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.2 87.00 28.80 0 55 1998/09/04 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 6.1 86.94 27.85 33 88 1993/03/31 西藏自治区日喀则市拉孜县 5.0 87.50 29.20 32 78 1993/03/20 西藏自治区日喀则市昂仁县 6.4 87.40 29.10 21 67 1975/11/26 西藏自治区日喀则市定结县 5.2 87.80 28.15 52 1973/03/22 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.3 87.20 28.10 33 51 1971/12/04 尼泊尔梅吉专区 5.4 87.90 27.90 29 80 1971/10/24 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.0 87.20 28.30 57 33 1958/11/24 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.2 86.90 28.80 63 1951/05/28 西藏自治区日喀则市定日县 5.5 87.00 29.00 71 
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表 2 结构震害对比与原因分析
Table 2. The comparison of seismic damage and the cause analysis
总结 土木结构 框架结构 砌体结构 震害对比 破坏形式 房屋倒塌; 房屋局部倒塌; 木构件受损; 女儿墙受损; 纵横交接处墙开裂; 墙梁交接处开裂; 门窗洞角开裂; 墙体平面开裂 底层倒塌; 墙梁墙柱交接处开裂; 墙体交叉裂缝、斜裂缝; 门窗洞角开裂; 填充墙倒塌; 瓷砖剥落; 吊顶损坏; 女儿墙受损 底框架砌体结构梁柱节点开裂; 轻钢屋顶坍塌; 承重墙开裂; 女儿墙受损 极震区破坏程度 大量土木结构倒塌，或是破坏严重无法居住 有两栋框架结构出现一层坍塌现象；绝大多数框架结构非承重构件受损 两栋底框架砌体结构梁柱节点受损严重；多数砌体结构出现承重墙开裂 结构分布 绝大多数存在于村镇地区，震区数量占比超过80% 少数存在于乡镇，多数存在于城区，震区数量占比约15% 数量较少，散落分布于城镇与村镇，震区占比约5% 原因剖析 结构 竖向刚度不连续，一二层承重构件变化，二层建筑缩进；平面刚度不均匀，承重墙与木构件共同承重；整体性不强，使用黄泥作为承重墙砌筑砂浆，纵横墙拉结弱 承重柱配筋率低；墙体不设拉结筋或拉结措施较弱；砂浆强度低；女儿墙与主体拉结弱 砂浆强度低；女儿墙与主体拉结弱；底框架砌体结构竖向刚度不均匀 施工 施工缺乏专业化培训，多靠居民传统经验，无专业施工队伍 公用建筑基本经过正规设计，但个别建筑施工可能存在不足；民用建筑部分经过正规设计，少数未经正规设计，施工质量总体良莠不齐 多为自建或民间施工队，施工质量欠佳 场地 村庄多位于谷地，受场地条件影响，出现地震放大效应，尤其震中长所乡位于湖边，软土沉积更易产生地震放大
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