Research on Post-Earthquake Eco-Geological Conservation and Restoration in the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site
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摘要:
九寨沟以其罕见的自然美所赋存的“突出普遍价值”（OUV）被列入世界自然遗产名录，2017年“8·8”九寨沟Ms7.0地震是继2008年“5·12”汶川特大地震后川西北地区遭遇的又一次强震，是我国遗产地内发生的首次强震，震后世界自然遗产地规模性治理尚无先例.本研究聚焦震后九寨沟地质灾害防治与地质环境保护重大需求，融入“基于自然的解决方案”（NbS）理念，在生态地质环境全要素调查、地质灾害发育分布规律解析、生态问题系统诊断基础上，（1）研发了水环境糯米石灰华胶凝材料（水下养护60 d抗压强度 > 12 MPa），构建了“振冲碎石桩固基‒糯米灰浆筑坝‒碳化竹锚护坡‒乡土植物绿化‒分形景观设计”的震损钙华坝生态修复技术，实现了钙华湖群原真保育；（2）创新了震损高陡岩质边坡崩塌灾害的“结构补强‒生态固土‒生物诱导”生态化治理技术，提出了大型松散堆积体滑坡与水土灾害的“阻渗‒植生‒结皮”生态位重构技术，治理后抗降雨冲刷强度 > 150 mm/h、水土流失量降低90%，实现了地质灾害治理与生态兼容；（3）提出了地质灾害“场地‒单元‒流域”多级调控技术，实现了震后地质灾害防治、生态地质环境保护、生态功能恢复协同增效，治理后土壤有机质、养分含量及生物量达到未扰区的90%；（4）跨学科考虑地质稳定、水土保持、生态恢复、景观融合等7个一级、13个二级、17个三级目标要素，构建了地质灾害生态化治理成效多维评估方法体系.本研究以期为九寨沟灾害防治、生境质量提升、生物多样性保护提供科学路径，为世界自然遗产地生态地质环境保护与可持续发展提供理论和技术支撑.
Abstract:The Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake on August 8, 2017, struck the Jiuzhaigou Valley, a World Natural Heritage site. This event represents another significant seismic impact on Northwest Sichuan following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the first within a Chinese heritage site. Listed for its "Outstanding Universal Value" (OUV) based on exceptional natural beauty, Jiuzhaigou faced an unprecedented challenge: managing regional-scale restoration within a World Heritage site after a major earthquake-A task with no prior domestic or international parallel. Based on a comprehensive survey of eco-geological environment elements, an analysis of geohazard distribution patterns, and a systematic diagnosis of ecological issues, this study focuses on the critical needs of post-disaster geohazard prevention and geological environment protection, integrating Nature-based Solutions (NbS). This study obtains the following results: (1) Developed a water environment-friendly glutinous rice lime travertine cementitious material that achieves a compressive strength of > 12 MPa after 60 days of underwater curing; established an ecological restoration technology for damaged travertine dams using "vibro-replacement gravel piles for foundation reinforcement-glutinous rice mortar dam construction-carbonized bamboo anchors for slope protection-native plant greening-fractal landscape design", successfully preserving the authenticity of travertine lake clusters. (2) Innovated an ecological approach for managing collapse hazards in steep rock slopes affected by earthquakes, combining structural reinforcement, ecological soil stabilization, and bioinduction; proposed a niche reconstruction technique involving "barrier construction-vegetation establishment-crust formation" for large-scale loose debris landslides and soil-water disasters; with rainfall erosion resistance > 150 mm/h and 90% soil loss reduction, achieving effective integration between geological hazard control and ecological recovery. (3) Put forward a multi-level regulation technology for geohazards across " site-unit-watershed" scales, realizing synergistic effects between geohazard prevention, ecological functional recovery, and eco-geological environment protection, and after treatment, soil organic matter, nutrients, and biomass reached 90% of undisturbed levels. (4) Constructed a multi-dimensional evaluation method, incorporating 7 primary, 13 secondary, and 17 tertiary objectives, for the effectiveness of ecological geohazard mitigation by interdisciplinary integration of geological stability, soil and water conservation, ecological restoration, and landscape harmony. This research provides a scientific trajectory for disaster prevention, habitat quality enhancement, and biodiversity conservation in Jiuzhaigou, offering theoretical references and technical support for the protection and sustainable development of eco-geological environments in World Natural Heritage sites.
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图 1 九寨沟地质构造与地震地质灾害分布
灰色阴影区为九寨沟遗产地
Fig. 1. Geological structure and distribution of co-seismic geohazards in Jiuzhaigou
图 2 九寨沟火花海钙华坝震损及湖泊退化
Fig. 2. Earthquake-induced damage to the travertine dam and lake-degradation features of Huohuahai Lake in Jiuzhaigou
图 3 九寨沟地震地质灾害发育特征
以五花海、熊猫海、箭竹海为例
Fig. 3. Development characteristics of earthquake-induced geohazards in Jiuzhaigou
图 4 九寨沟遗产地NPP时序变化特征
Fig. 4. Temporal variation characteristics of NPP in the Jiuzhaigou heritage site
图 5 震后九寨沟生态地质环境问题
Fig. 5. Post-earthquake eco-geological environmental problems in Jiuzhaigou
图 6 震后九寨沟斜坡水土侵蚀演化特征（以箭竹海西侧斜坡为例）
Fig. 6. Post-earthquake evolution characteristics of slope soil and water erosion in Jiuzhaigou (taking the western slope of Jianzhuhai as an example)
图 7 强降雨后九寨沟遗产地湖泊浑浊现象
Fig. 7. Lake turbidity in the Jiuzhaigou heritage site following heavy rainfall
图 8 九寨沟遗产地湖泊沼泽化现象
以犀牛海、五花海、箭竹海、镜海、熊猫海为例
Fig. 8. Lake paludification in the Jiuzhaigou heritage site
图 9 震后九寨沟地质灾害生态化治理与地质环境保护研究总体框架
Fig. 9. Integrated conservation and restoration framework for Jiuzhaigou following the earthquake
图 10 火花海生态化治理工程典型剖面图
Fig. 10. Typical cross-section of the ecological restoration project at Huohuahai Lake
图 11 糯米诱导下碳酸钙生物矿化过程
Fig. 11. The biomineralization process of calcium carbonate induced by sticky rice
图 12 火花海治理前后对比
钙华坝：a. 2017年10月，b. 2025年7月；海子：c.治理前；d.治理后
Fig. 12. Comparison of the restoration of the Huohuahai Lake before and after
图 13 高陡岩质边坡崩塌灾害生态化治理技术
Fig. 13. Ecological mitigation technology for rockfall hazards on high-steep rock slopes
图 14 地震崩塌堆积体结皮抗蚀‒熟化植生‒固土阻渗生态位重构技术
Fig. 14. Niche reconstruction technology for earthquake-induced rockfall accumulations: Crust anti-erosion, soil maturation for vegetation, and seepage prevention
图 15 地震崩塌堆积体生态化治理技术
Fig. 15. Ecological management technology for earthquake-induced rockfall accumulations
图 16 垂直绿化系统的水分补给和植物用水过程演化机制
Fig. 16. Evolution mechanism of water supply and plant water use in vertical greening systems
图 17 九寨沟地质灾害挡墙生态绿化前后效果对比
以诺日朗挡墙为例，左图：2018年；右图：2025年
Fig. 17. Comparison of the retaining wall at initial construction stage and after vegetation layer reconstruction
图 18 挡墙和边坡生态化治理成效
a.功能基因丰度的皮尔逊相关性分析；b.功能基因丰度与土壤理化性质和酶化学计量的相关性
Fig. 18. Effectiveness of ecological restoration on retaining walls and slopes
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