Metallogenic Systems of Polymetallic Copper and Gold Deposits and Related Metallogenic Geodynamic Model in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang
-
摘要: 近年来, 在东天山地区地质找矿不断取得突破, 一系列大型、中型铜金矿床先后被发现.绝大多数铜金矿床在空间上密集分布于黄山-康古尔缝合-剪切带两侧的岛弧带内, 时间上集中在石炭纪—二叠纪.金矿床包括造山型、石英脉型和浅成低温热液型, 铜矿床包括斑岩型、夕卡岩型和热液脉型及铜镍硫化物型.金、铜和铜镍矿化各自成系统产出, 为板块俯冲晚期和碰撞期后大规模镁铁质-超镁铁质和中酸性-酸性花岗质岩浆侵位-喷发事件的产物.Abstract: In the past several years, a number of copper, gold and Cu Ag Pb Zn deposits have been discovered and explored in the eastern Tianshan area, Xinjiang. All of the metallic deposits are spatially and densely distributed within the Devonian Late Carboniferous island arc in the north and Carboniferous island arc in the south along the Kangguer Huangshan Carboniferous Permian suture large scale shear zone. These deposits, formed temporally in Carboniferous Permian, can be grouped into gold deposit system comprising epithermal, orogenic and quartz vein types, copper deposit system, porphyry, skarn and hydrothermal vein types, and Cu Ni sulfide system. The three metallogenic systems are genetically associated with the emplacements and eruptions of mafic ultramafic or intermediate felsic magmas during the subduction and extension of post collision of the plates.
-
Key words:
- gold deposit /
- copper deposit /
- metallogenic sytem /
- geodynamics /
- eastern Tianshan
-
图 1 东天山大地构造单元与铜金矿床分布
基于杨兴科等[9]和芮宗瑶等[31]构造与成矿图基础上改编而成.根据芮宗瑶等[34]和秦克章④放射性同位素测年资料, 土屋-黄山岛弧形成于晚泥盆世; 李锦轶(与笔者讨论) 初步研究证明小热泉一带原下石炭统为泥盆纪的岩层; 因此都属于大南湖-头苏泉岛弧的一部分.1.小热泉子铜矿; 2.石英滩金矿; 3.康西金矿; 4.康古尔金矿; 5.马头滩金矿; 6.维权铜矿; 7.夹白山金矿; 8.延东铜矿; 9.土屋铜矿; 10.灵龙铜矿; 11.赤湖铜矿; 12.小红山金矿; 13.路白山铜矿; 14.土墩铜镍矿; 15.二红洼铜镍矿; 16.香山铜镍矿; 17.黄山铜镍矿; 18.黄山东铜镍矿; 19.148金矿; 20.梧桐窝子南金矿; 21.白石沟金矿
Fig. 1. Distribution of tectonic units and gold-copper deposits in eastern Tianshan
-
[1] 张良臣, 吴乃元. 天山地质构造及演化史[J]. 新疆地质, 1985, 3(3) : 1 -14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI198503000.htmZHA NG L C, W U N Y. Geological structures and evolution histo ry of Tianshan M ts[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 1985, 3(3) : 1 -14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI198503000.htm [2] 阎文元. 天山东段早石炭世岛弧火山岩特征及其矿产[J]. 新疆地质, 1985, 3(2) : 49 -58.YA N W Y. Characteristics of Early Carboniferous volcanic and minerals product in eastern Tianshan M ts[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 1985, 3(2) : 49-58. [3] 张德润. 新疆东部地区大地构造问题探讨[J]. 新疆地质, 1990, 8(2) : 99 -103. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI199002000.htmZHAN G D R. A preliminary study on geo-tectonics of eastern Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 1990, 8 (2) : 99 -103. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI199002000.htm [4] 马瑞士, 王赐银, 叶尚夫, 等. 东天山构造格架及地壳演化[M]. 南京: 南京大学出版社, 1993.MA R S, WAN G C Y, Y E S F, et al. T ectonic framew ork and crust evolution of eastern T ianshan M ts[M]. Nanjing: N anjing U niversity Publishing House, 1993. [5] 杨兴科, 陶洪祥, 罗桂昌, 等. 东天山板块构造基本特征[J]. 新疆地质, 1996, 14(4) : 221 -227. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI603.003.htmYAN G X K, T AO H X, LU O G C, et al. Basic features of plate tecto nics in east Tianshan of China[J]. Xinjiang G eo logy, 1996, 14(4) : 221-227. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI603.003.htm [6] 马瑞士, 舒良树, 孙家齐. 东天山构造演化与成矿[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1997.MA R S, SHU L S, SU N J Q. T ecto nic evolution and mineralization of eastern T ianshan M ts[M]. Beijing : G eolog ical Publishing House, 1997. [7] 姬金生, 陶洪祥, 曾章仁, 等. 东天山康古尔塔格金矿带地质与成矿[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1994.1-20.JI J S, TAO H X, ZENG Z R, et al. Geological characteristics and mineralization of Kangguer tage deposit zone in eastern Tianshan Mts[J]. Beijing : Geological Publishing House, 1994.1 -20. [8] 姬金生, 杨兴科, 苏生瑞. 东天山康古尔塔格金矿带成矿条件分析[J]. 地质找矿论丛, 1994, 9(4) : 49-56. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZZK404.005.htmJI J S, YANG X K, SU S R. Analysis of the metallo genetic conditions and division of the mineralizing subbelt in the region of K angguertag e of eastern Tianshan[J]. Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research, 1994, 9(4) : 49 -56. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZZK404.005.htm [9] 杨兴科, 姬金生, 罗桂昌, 等. 东天山板块构造与金属矿产成矿规律[J]. 西安地质学院学报, 1997, 19(3) : 34 -42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX199703005.htmYANG X K, JI J S, LUO G C, et al. Pla te tectonic and forming law of the metallic ore deposits in eastern Tianshan [J]. Journal of Xi' an Geolog y College, 1997, 19(3) : 34 -42. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX199703005.htm [10] 杨兴科, 张连昌, 姬金生, 等. 东天山秋明塔什-黄山韧性剪切变性特征分析[J]. 西安工程学院学报, 1998, 20 (3) : 11-18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.03.003YANG X K, ZHANG L C, JI J S, e t al. A nalysis of deformation features of Qiugemingtashi-Huang shan ductile shear zone, eastern T ianshan[J]. Journal of Xi' an Engineering University, 1998, 20(3) : 11-18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.03.003 [11] 杨兴科, 姬金生, 陈强. 东天山区域韧性剪切带特征[J]. 新疆地质, 1999, 17(1) : 55 -64. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI901.008.htmYANG X K, JI J S, CHEN Q. Characteristics of regio nal ductile shear zo ne in the eastern T ianshan[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 1999, 17(1) : 55-64. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI901.008.htm [12] 张连昌, 姬金生. 康古尔金矿区次火山岩同位素年代学及其意义[J]. 地质论评, 1999, (增刊) : 1095 -1098. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLP1999S1159.htmZHANG L C, JI J S. Isotopic chronology and significance of subvolcanics in K angguer district of east T ianshan gold deposit, Xinjiang[J]. G eological Review, 1999, (Suppl) : 1095-1098. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLP1999S1159.htm [13] 张连昌, 姬金生, 曾章仁, 等. 康古尔金矿成矿反应体系及动力学分析[J]. 西安工程学院学报, 1998, 20(2) : 10-14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.02.003ZHANG L C, JI J S, ZENG Z R, et al. Analy sis to the ore-Wforming reactive system and dy namics of K angg uertage gold deposit, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Xi' an Engineering University, 1998, 20(2) : 10-14. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.02.003 [14] 张连昌, 姬金生. 新疆康古尔金矿成矿阶段及其年代学[J]. 新疆地质, 1997, 15(3) : 203-210. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI199703001.htmZHANG L C, JI J S. Metallog enic stage and chronolo gy of the K angguer gold depo sit in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Geolog y, 1997, 15(3) : 203 -210. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI199703001.htm [15] 李华芹, 谢才富, 常海亮. 新疆北部有色贵金属矿床成矿作用年代学[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1998.LI H Q, XIE C F, CHANG H L. Study o n me tallo genetic chrono logy of nonferrous and precious metallic ore deposits in no rthern Xinjiang, China[M]. Beijing: G eological Publishing House, 1998. [16] 姬金生, 张连昌, 曾章仁, 等. 东天山康古尔塔格金矿带年代学研究[J]. 地质科学, 1996, 32(1) : 80 -89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX601.008.htmJI J S, ZHANG L C, ZENG Z R, et al. Study on gold deposit belt chronology of Kangguer in east Tianshan[J]. Geological Science, 1996, 32(1) : 80-89. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX601.008.htm [17] 姬金生, 李华芹, 张连昌, 等. 东天山晚古生代火山岩区磁铁矿绿泥石建造金矿床Sm -Nd和Rb -Sr同位素年龄[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(4) : 1801 -1804. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB199904024.htmJI J S, LI H Q, ZHANG L C, et al. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic ages of magnetite-chlo rite formation gold deposits in the v olcanic rock area of Late P alaeozoic Era, east Tianshan[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44(4) : 1801-1804. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB199904024.htm [18] 张连昌, 曾章仁, 韩兆信. 新疆康古尔金矿地球化学研究[J]. 地质找矿论丛, 1994, 9(4) : 12-21. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COLO201917059.htmZHA NG L C, ZENG Z R, HAN Z X. Study on geochemistry o f K angg uer gold deposit in Xinjiang[J]. Contributions to Geology and M ineral Resources Research, 1994, 9(4) : 12 -21. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-COLO201917059.htm [19] 张连昌, 姬金生, 曾章仁, 等. 东天山康古尔金矿成矿物质的同位素地球化学特征[J]. 现代地质, 1998, 12(3) : 380 -387.ZHANG L C, JI J S, ZENG Z R, et al. Studies of isotope geochemistry fo r o re-forming material origin of K angg uer deposit, east T ianshan[J]. Geoscience, 1998, 12(3) : 380 -387. [20] 张连昌, 姬金生. 西滩浅成低温热液金矿成矿地质地球化学动力学[J]. 西安工程学院学报, 1999, 21 (2) : 13-18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1999.02.003ZHANG L C, JI J S. Geological-geochemical dynamical of ore-formation of epithermal gold deposit Xitan o f eastern Tianshan[J]. Journal of Xi ' an Engineering University, 1999, 21(2) : 13-18. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1999.02.003 [21] 张连昌, 姬金生, 曾章仁. 东天山康古尔金矿成矿流体地球化学特征及其来源[J]. 地球化学, 1999, 21(1) : 18-25. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.1999.01.003ZHANG L C, JI J S, ZENG Z R. Geochemical characteristics and source of mineralizing fluid of Kangguer gold depo sit, eastern Tianshan[J]. Geochimica, 1999, 21 (1) : 18 -25. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.1999.01.003 [22] 张连昌, 姬金生, 李华芹, 等. 东天山康古尔塔格金矿带两类成矿流体地球化学特征及流体来源[J]. 岩石学报, 2000, 16(4) : 535-541. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200004011.htmZHANG L C, JI J S, LI H Q, et al. G eochemical characteristics and source of tw o-type ore-forming fluids in K angg uertage gold ore belt, east T ianshan[J]. A cta Pe trologica Sinica, 2000, 16(4) : 535 -541. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200004011.htm [23] 张连昌, 姬金生, 杨兴科, 等. 新疆马头滩韧性剪切带型金矿地质特征及成因[J]. 西安工程学院学报, 1998, 20 (4) : 15-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.04.004ZHANG L C, JI J S, YANG X K, e t al. Geological characteristics and genesis of the ductile shear zo ne type go ld deposit in M atoutan eastern T ianshan[J]. Journal of Xi' an Engineering University, 1998, 20(4) : 15-19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6561.1998.04.004 [24] 杨建国, 姬金生, 卢登蓉. 东天山西滩金矿床地质特征与成矿条件[J]. 矿床地质, 1998, 17 (增刊) : 349 - 352.YANG J G, JI J S, LU D R. Geological characteristics and minerogenetic condition of Xitan gold deposit, east Tianshan[J]. Mineral Deposit, 1998, 17(Suppl) : 349- 352. [25] 徐新煌, 温春齐, 茅燕石, 等. 新疆小热泉子铜矿矿石类型及成因意义[J]. 矿床地质, 1998, 17(增刊) : 679 - 682.XU X W, WEN C Q, MAO Y S, et al. Ore types and genesis significance of Xiaorequanzi copper deposit, Xinjiang[J]. Mineral Deposit, 1998, 17(Suppl) : 679-682. [26] 丰成友, 姬金生, 薛春纪, 等. 东天山西滩浅成低温热液金矿床地质及其成因分析[J]. 新疆地质, 1999, 17(1) : 1 -7.FENG C Y, JI J S, XUE C J, et al. Geological characteristics and genetic analysis of Xitan epithermal gold deposit, eastern Tianshan[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 1999, 17 (1) : 1 -7. [27] 陈文明. 新疆小热泉子铜(锌) 矿床同位素研究[J]. 地球学报, 1999, 20(4) : 349-356. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-3021.1999.04.003CHEN W M. A study of the isotopic composition of the Xiaorequanzi copper and zinc deposit in Xinjiang, China [J]. Acta Geocientia Sinica, 1999, 20(4) : 349 -356. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-3021.1999.04.003 [28] 曾章仁, 张连昌, 韩兆信. 新疆康古尔糜棱岩带蚀变岩型金矿床地质及成因[J]. 矿床地质, 1994, 13(2) : 97 - 105. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KCDZ402.000.htmZENG Z R, ZHANG L C, HAN Z X. Geological character and genesis of the altered rock type gold deposit in Kangguer mylonite zone, Xinjiang[J]. M ineral Deposit, 1994, 13(2) : 97-105. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KCDZ402.000.htm [29] 马天林, 孙立倩, 徐兴旺. 新疆东天山康古尔金矿控矿构造地质特征[J]. 地质力学学报, 1998, 4(2) : 45-52. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLX802.006.htmMA T L, SUN L Q, XU X W. Structures of Kangguer gold deposit in the eastern Tianshan M ts, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Geomechemics, 1998, 4(2) : 45-52. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLX802.006.htm [30] 姬金生, 薛春纪, 曾章仁, 等. 新疆东天山康古尔塔格金矿带研究[J]. 地质论评, 1997, 43(1) : 69 -77. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.1997.01.010JI J S, XUE C J, ZENG Z R, et al. Study on the Kangguertage gold zone in the east Tiasnhan M ts[J]. Geological Review, 1997, 43(1) : 69-77. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.1997.01.010 [31] 芮宗瑶, 刘玉琳, 王龙生, 等. 新疆东天山斑岩铜矿带及其大地构造格局[J]. 地质学报, 2002, 76(1) : 83 -94. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE200201014.htmRUI Z Y, LIU Y L, WANG L S, et al. The porphyry copper belt and its tectonic framework of eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang[J]. Actal Geologica Sinica, 2002, 76 (1) : 83-94. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE200201014.htm [32] 韩春明, 毛景文, 杨建民, 等. 东天山晚古生代内生金属矿床类型和成矿作用的动力学演化规律[J]. 地质学报, 2002, 76(2) : 222-234. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2002.02.010HAN C M, MAO J W, YANG J M, et al. M etallogenic type of Late Palaeozoic endogentic metal deposits and related geodynamical evolution in the east Tianshan[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2002, 76(2) : 222 -234. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2002.02.010 [33] 周济元, 茅燕石, 黄志勋, 等. 东天山古大陆边缘火山地质[M]. 成都: 成都科技大学出版社, 1994.1 - 280.ZHOU J Y, MAO Y S, HUANG Z X, et al. Volcanic geology of palaeocontinetal margin in east Tianshan M ts [M]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Science and Technology Press, 1994.1 -280. [34] 芮宗瑶, 王龙生, 王义天, 等. 东天山土屋和延东铜矿时代讨论[J]. 矿床地质, 2002, 21(1) : 16 -22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2002.01.003RUI Z Y, WANG L S, WANG Y T, et al. Discussion on the minerogenetic epoch of the Tuw u and Yandong porphyry copper deposits in eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang [J]. M ineral Deposit, 2002, 21(1) : 16 -22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0258-7106.2002.01.003 [35] Groves D I, Goldfarb R J, Gebre-Mariam M, et al. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship on other deposits[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 1998, 13 : 7 -27. doi: 10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00012-7 [36] 薛春纪, 姬金生, 曾章仁. 东天山康古尔金矿带金矿床基本类型及成矿规律[J]. 西北地质, 1995, 16(4) : 30 -36. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDI504.005.htmXUE C J, JI J S, ZENG Z R, et al. Gold deposit basic types and mineralization law of Kangguer gold belt in eastern Tianshan[J]. Northw estern Geology, 1995, 16(4) : 30-36. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDI504.005.htm [37] 王福同, 冯京, 胡建卫, 等. 新疆土屋大型斑岩铜矿床特征及发现意义[J]. 中国地质, 2001, 28(1) : 36 -39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200101008.htmWANG F T, FENG J, HU J W, et al. Characteristics and significance of the Tuw u porphyry copper deposit, Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Geology, 2001, 28(1) : 36 -39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200101008.htm [38] 王福同, 庄道泽, 胡建卫, 等. 物探在新疆土屋地区铜矿床找矿中的应用[J]. 中国地质, 2001, 28(3) : 40 -46. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200103007.htmWANG F T, ZHUANG D Z, HU J W, et al. Application of geophysical exploration method in the Tuw u porphyry copper deposits[J]. Chinese Geology, 2001, 28 (3) : 40-46. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI200103007.htm [39] 芮宗瑶, 王福同, 李恒海, 等. 新疆东天山斑岩铜矿带的新进展[J]. 中国地质, 2001, 28(2) : 11 -16. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2001.02.003RUI Z Y, WANG F T, LI H H, et al. Advance of the porphyry copper belt of the east Tianshan M ts, Xinjiang [J]. Chinese Geology, 2001, 28(2) : 11 -16. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2001.02.003 [40] 刘德权, 唐延龄, 周汝洪. 新疆斑岩铜矿的成矿条件和远景[J]. 新疆地质, 2001, 19(1) : 42 -48. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI200101010.htmLIU D Q, TANG Y L, ZHOU R H. The metallogenic environment and potential of the porphyry copper in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Geology, 2001, 19(1) : 42-48. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XJDI200101010.htm [41] 朱裕生. 新疆东天山土屋式斑岩铜钼伴生银矿床[J]. 矿床地质, 2002(在印刷中).ZHU Y S. Porphyry copper and moly bdenum accompanying silver o f T uwu ty pes in eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang [J]. M ineral Deposit, 2002 (in press). [42] Sazonov V, Laskovenkov A, Katkov A. The Shatash g ranitic pluto n and Berezovsky gold deposit[A]. In : Seltmann R, K oroteev V, Fershtater G, et al, eds. T he eroded U ralian Paleozoic ocean to continent transitio n zone: granitoids and rela ted ore deposits (Excursio n g uidebook)[C]. Russia: I nternatio nal Field Conference in the U rals, 2000.20 -31. [43] 倪志耀. 新疆哈密黄山东镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体成因探讨[J]. 西北地质, 1992, 13(2) : 9-16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDI199202002.htmNI Z Y. Origin of mafic-ultramafic complex : around Huangshan in Hami, Xinjiang[J]. No rthw ester n Geolog y, 1992, 13(2) : 9 -16. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDI199202002.htm [44] 钟应先. 黄山杂岩体的地球化学特征及其意义[A]. 新疆地质科学[C]. 第1辑. 北京: 地质出版社, 1990. 127 -138.ZHONG Y X. The geochemical pro perties of the Huangshan complex and its significance, Xinjiang[A]. In : Geoscience of Xinjiang[C]. N o. 1. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1990.127 -138 [45] 王润民, 李思楚. 新疆哈密黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿物理化学条件[J]. 成都地质学院学报, 1987, 14 (3) : 1 -10. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDLG198703000.htmWANG R M, LI S C. Copper and nickel sulfide deposits of diag enetic and minerogenetic phy sical and chemical evolu tion in Hami, Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Chengdu Geology U niversity, 1987, 14(3) : 1-10. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-CDLG198703000.htm [46] 王志辉, 王润民, 李思楚, 等. 黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床矿石物质组分的研究[J]. 矿物岩石, 1986, 6 (3) : 88 - 101. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KWYS198603011.htmWANG Z H, WANG R M, LI S C, e t al. Study o n components of copper and nickel sulfide deposits in east Huangshan[J]. J M ineral Petrol, 1986, 6(3) : 88 - 101. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KWYS198603011.htm [47] 李先梓, 李行, 洛启义, 等. 新疆铂族元素成矿地质条件及找矿方向[J]. 中国地质科学院西安地质矿产研究所所刊, 1991, (33) : 1 -93. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBFK199103000.htmLI X Z, LI H, LUO Q Y, et al. A research about mineralizing conditions and pro specting targ et of PG E in Xinjiang[J]. Bulletin of the Xi' an I nstitute of Geolog y and M ineral Resources, CAGS, 1991, (33) : 1 -93. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBFK199103000.htm [48] 李文渊. 中国铜镍硫化物矿床成矿系列与地球化学[M]. 西安: 西安地图出版社, 1996.LI W Y. Copper and nickel sulfide deposits minerogene tic series and geochemistry[M]. Xi' an : Xi' an Map Publishing House, 1996. [49] Yakubchuk A, Seltmann R, Shatov V, et al. T he altaids: tectonic ev olutio n and metallo geny[J]. SEG Letter, 2001, (46) : 1, 7 -13. [50] Kiselev V V, Maksumova R A. Geology of the northern and middle T ien Shan: principal and outlines[A]. In : Seltmann R, Jenchuraeva S J, eds. Paleozoic geodynamics and g old deposits in the Ky rgyz Tien Shan[C]. [s. l. ] : [s. n. ], 2001.21-28. [51] Jenchuraeva R J. Paleozoic geodynamics, mag matism, and metallogeny of the Tien Shan[A]. In : Seltmann R, Jenchuraev a S J, eds. Paleozoic geo dynamics and gold deposits in the Ky rgyz Tien Shan[C]. [s. l. ] : [s. n. ], 2001.29 -70. [52] Cole A. Gold mineralization in the southern Tien Shan, Central Asia: tectonic setting, characteristics, ex plo ratio n criteria[A]. In : Seltmann R, Jenchuraeva S J, eds. Paleozoic geody namics and gold deposit in the Ky rgyz Tien Shan[C]. [s. l. ] : [s. n. ], 2001.71-81. [53] CHEN C, LU H, JIA D, et al. Closing histo ry of the souther n T ianshan oceanic basin, w ester n China: an oblique collisional orogeny[J]. Tecto nophysics, 1999, 302 : 23-40.