On the Geobiological Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks
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摘要: 烃源岩存在生烃和排烃过程, 高-过成熟区还叠加了烃源岩有机质的强烈改造和破坏, 从海相地层残余有机质出发评价烃源岩的反演方法需要进一步完善.以探索生命系统与地球系统相互作用为主题的地球生物学为正演烃源岩形成的动力学过程提供了理论依据.分子地球生物学、地球微生物学、地球生态学和生物地球化学等地球生物学的各分支学科(要素) 为恢复烃源岩形成时的生产力及其组成、沉积有机质的量和类型、有机埋藏量及其过程和类型等提供了技术方法支撑, 分别论述了如何利用地球生物学的技术方法来定量计算原始生产力、沉积有机质和埋藏有机质.表征地球生物学过程的地球生物相则综合和集成了烃源岩生物相、有机相和沉积相的相关信息, 包含了生境型(群落型)、生产力和有机埋藏等定量化指标, 它为建立优质烃源岩的地球生物学评价体系服务.通过烃源岩实验模拟得出的有机质恢复系数对残余有机碳进行恢复, 并与地球生物学得出的埋藏有机质进行量的对比, 由此实现地球生物学方法与传统反演方法的接口和校正.Abstract: Hydrocarbon source rocks are characterized by the hydrocarbon discharge, and the alteration and variation in organic compositions and organic content due to the enhanced thermal maturation. These variations throw constraints on the application of the conventional inversion evaluation of hydrocarbon potential by assessing the residual organic matter left in source rocks. Geobiology, probing the interaction between the life system and the earth system, provides new principles in deciphering the whole dynamic processes related to the organic evolution history from living biomass to organic burial. Geobiological subdisciplines, including molecular geobiology, geomicrobiology, geoecology and biogeochemistry, offer new methodology and techniques to estimate the abundance and the composition of biomass, sedimentary organics and preserved organic matter, which are discussed here in detail. Geobiofacies, proposed herein, is terminologized to define the geobiological dynamic processes through the combination of biofacies with organic facies and sedimentary facies, and expressed by the biohabitat types, paleoproductivity and organic burial capacity. Geobiofacies is identified as a useful means to create the geobiological evaluation system, which in turn rectifies the conventional evaluation system for the marine source rocks.
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图 1 烃源岩有机质的形成过程以及资源量的正演和反演评估
Fig. 1. The evolution of organic matter in hydrocarbon source rocks and their evaluation methods
图 2 生产力及其组成恢复的地球生物学方法
Fig. 2. Geobiological evaluation of primary productivity and its composition
图 3 反映生产力组成的生物标志化合物
Fig. 3. Biomarkers indicative of the components of the productivity
图 4 沉积有机质的影响因素
Fig. 4. Factors controlling the deposition and the burial of organic matter in the surface of sediments
图 5 有机埋藏量及其类型恢复的地球生物学方法
Fig. 5. Geobiological determination of organic burial and its composition
图 6 从正演法角度建立烃源岩的地球生物学评价体系流程
Fig. 6. Flow chart for the setup of the geobiological evaluation system for hydrocarbon source rocks
表 1 地球生物学的分支学科
Table 1. Subdivision of geobiology
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