Distribution of Black Shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China: Major Controlling Factors and Implications
-
摘要: 在回顾五峰组-龙马溪组两个地层单位沿革并重申其定义与划分基础上, 重建了华南五峰组-龙马溪组及其相关地层序列的区域地层框架.根据这一框架中奥陶-志留纪黑色笔石岩系的穿时性、以及相关地层序列纵向演化特征与岩石圈板块挠曲模式的联系, 结合所发现钾质斑脱岩源岩的板块汇聚背景, 以及该阶段海平面升降与黑色岩系对应关系, 提出控制该阶段华南黑色岩系的时空展布格局的主要因素有两个, 即该阶段自南东向北西的华夏地块与扬子地块幕式汇聚过程所产生的岩石圈板块挠曲-周缘前陆盆地的同向迁移, 以及该阶段两次全球性的三级海平面变化快速上升阶段所导致的缺氧及欠补偿水体.本文认为, 要在华南奥陶-志留纪(包括其他断代) 寻找其他可能的烃源岩层位, 可能要首先考虑类似背景下这两种因素综合作用所导致的快速沉降及深水缺氧的沉积环境.Abstract: Review of lithostratigraphic criteria for subdividing the Wufeng (Ordovician) and Longmaxi (Silurian) formations reaffirms their integrity and subdivisions and provides new regional correlations between the formations and related stratigraphic successions and facies. Both the black shales and the related overlying flysch deposits and other successions at the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China appear to have migrated northwestward in time and space, reflecting probable flexural control in a foreland basin that developed in response to subduction-type orogeny southeast of the Yangtze block. The black shales also contain K-bentonites from explosive, felsic-intermediate volcanism, the distribution of which also supports orogeny to the southeast. Finally, analysis of sequence stratigraphy, which shows that the initiation of transgressive system tracts (TST) and condensed section (cs) in the related 3rd-order sequences coincided with the two black-shale horizons respectively, indicates that the major controlling factors for the deposition of the Ordovician-Silurian black shales in South China are (1) northwestwardly migrating, foreland-basin subsidence caused by deformational loading related to episodic accretion of the Cathaysia block to the Yangtze block during this period, and (2) the anoxic, sediment-starved water column caused by rapid rise of the sea level during the two successive phases of the 3rd-order, eustatic, sea-level rise near the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China. In the future exploration for source rocks from the area in various periods, consideration of likely flexural and eustatic causes for subsiding, deep, anoxic seas may be important in recognizing other source-rock intervals.
-
图 1 华南奥陶纪-志留纪构造-沉积分区及研究剖面分布示意图(据Wang et al. (2005)、苏文博(2001), Su (2007)修改)
Fig. 1. Sketch of Ordovician-Silurian tectonic units and depositional facies zones and studied sections, South China
图 2 华南五峰组-龙马溪组及其相关地层序列对比
年代地层划分据Gradstein et al. (2004)及陈旭等(2006); 岩石地层划分及其对比参照汪啸风等(1996)、汪啸风和陈孝红(2005)、陈旭和戎嘉余(1996)、傅力浦和宋礼生(1986)、刘义仁和傅汉英(1989)、金淳泰等(1992)及苏文博(2001)等综合; GYQM=观音桥段; Gr. M=笔石页岩段; UM=上段; LM=下段; 灰黑色条带代表黑色-灰黑色碳硅质笔石页岩层位
Fig. 2. Correlation of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations and the related stratigraphic successions in South China
图 3 扬子地台奥陶纪-志留纪初层序地层及海平面变化与全球主要古大陆对比图(据苏文博(2001)及Su (2007)修改)
图中灰色条带为相关的全球性海平面上升事件, 图右为对应层位烃源岩特征.其中六方形为已知烃源岩层位, 菱形代表目前确认可能性最大的层位, 椭圆形为可能存在的层位
Fig. 3. Ordovician-earliest Silurian sequence stratigraphy and sea-level changes at the Yangtze platform and their correlation with other main paleo-continents around the world
-
Chen, X., Qiu, J. Y., 1986. Ordovician palaeoenvironment re-construction of Yichang area, western Hubei. Journal of Stratigraphy, 10 (1): 1-15 (in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract). Chen, X., Rong, J. Y., 1996. Telychian (Landovery) of theYangtze region and its correlation with British Isles. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese). Chen, X., Rong, J. Y., Fan, J. X., et al., 2006. Afinal reporton the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) forthe Hirnantian Stage (Upper Ordovician). Journal of Stratigraphy, 30 (4): 289-305 (in Chinese with Eng-lish abstract). Chen, X., Rong, J. Y., Lu, Y., et al., 2004. Facies patternsand geography of the Yangtze region, South China, through the Ordovician and Silurian transition. Palaeo-geography, Palaeocli matology, Palaeoecology, 204: 353-372. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00736-3 Chen, X., Rong, J. Y., Rowley, D. B., et al., 1995. Is theEarly Paleozoic Banxi Ocean in South China necessary? Geological Review, 41 (5): 389-400 (in Chinese withEnglish abstract). Ettensohn, F. R., 1994. Tectonic control on formation andcyclicity of major Appalachian unconformities and asso-ciated stratigraphic sequences. In: Dennison, J. M., Ettensohn, F. R., eds., Tectonic and eustatic controlson sedi mentary cycles. Concepts in Sedi mentology andPaleontology, 4: 217-242. Fortey, R. A., 1984. Global earlier Ordovician transgressionsand regressions and their biological i mplications. In: Bruton, D. L., ed., Aspects of the Ordovician system. Palaeontological contributions from the University ofOslo, 295. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 37-50. Fu, L. P., Song L. S., 1986. Stratigraphy and paleontology ofSilurianin Ziyang region (transitional belt). Northwest Geoscience, 14: 1-198 (in Chinese with English ab-stract). Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Smith, A. G., et al., 2004. Anew geologic ti me scale, with special reference to Pre-cambrian and Neogene. Episodes, 27 (2): 83-100. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i2/002 Huff, W. D., Bergstr m, S. M., Kolata, D. R., 1992. GiganticOrdovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Eu-rope: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-strati-graphic significance. Geology, 20 (10): 875-878. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2 Jiang, Y. H., Yue, W. Z., Ye, Z. Z., 1994. Anoxic event, black shales and related mineral resources: Taking theLower Paleozoic in South China as an example. Geolog-ical Exploration for Non-ferrous Metals, 3 (5): 272-278 (in Chinese with English abstract). Jin, C. T., Wan, Z. Q., Ye, S. H., et al., 1992. The SilurianSystemat Guangyuan, Sichuan and Ningqiang, Shaanxi. Chengdu Scientific and Technologic University Press, Chengdu, 1-97 (in Chinese). Johnson, M. E., Rong, J. Y., Kershaw, S., 1998. CalibratingSilurian eustasy by erosion and burial of coastal peleoto-pography. In: Landing, E., Johnson, M. E., eds., Siluri-an cycles: Linkages of dynamic stratigraphy with at mos-pheric, oceanic, and tectonic changes. NY State Museum Bull., 491: 3-14. Leggett, J. K., 1980. British Lower Palaeozoic black shalesand their palaeo-oceanographic significance. J. Geol. Soc. London, 137 (1): 139-156. Lee, J. S., Chao, Y. Z., 1924. Geology of the Gorges districton the Yangtze (fromIchang to Tzekuei) with specialreference to the development of the Gorges. Bull. Soc. Geol. China, 3 (3-4): 351-391. Li, Z. M., Quan, Q. Q., 1992. Lithofacies types and tectonic palaeogeography of Ordovician and Silurian graptolite-bearing strata in South China. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 17 (3): 261-269 (in Chinese with English abstract). Lin, B. Y., Su, Y. Z., Zhu, X. F., et al., 1996. Stratigraphical lexicon of China—The Silurian System. Geological Pub-lishing House, Beijing, 1-104 (in Chinese). Liu, B. J., Xu, X. S., Pan, X. N., et al., 1993. Plate tectonicand sedi mentary evolution of the paleocontinents andtheir mineralization process in South China. Science Press, Beijing, 1-236 (in Chinese). Liu, Y. R., Fu, H. Y., 1989. A candidate stratotype sectionof Hanjiangian and Shikouian stages (Ordovician): TheShuangjiakou section of Qidong, Hunan. Journal of Stratigraphy, 13 (3): 161-191, (4): 235-253 (in Chi-nese with English abstract). Luning, S., Craig, J., Loydel, D. K., et al., 2000. Lower Silu-rian'hot shales'in North Africa and Arabia: Regional distribution and depositional model. Earth-Science Re-views, 49 (1): 121-200. Mu, E. Z., 1954. On the Wufeng shale. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 2 (2): 153-170 (in Chinese with English ab-stract). Rong, J. Y., Chen, X., Harper, D. A. T., 2002. The latestOrdovician Hirnantia fauna (Brachiopoda) in ti me andspace. Lethaia, 35: 231-249. doi: 10.1080/00241160260288820 Su, W. B., 2001. Ordovician sequence stratigraphy and sealevel changes in the southeast margin of the Yangtzeplatform, China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 1-108 (in Chinese). Su, W. B., 2007. Ordovician sea-level changes: Evidence fromthe Yangtze platform. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 46 (Suppl. ): 471-476. Su, W. B., He, L. Q., Li, Q. G., et al., 2003. K-bentonitebeds near the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on the Yan-gtze Platform, South China: Preli minary study of thestratigraphic and tectonomagmatic significance. In: Al-banesi, G. L., Beresi, M. S., Peralta, S. H., eds., Ordo-vician from the Andes. INSUGEO, Serie Correlación Geológica, 17: 209-214. Su, W. B., Li, Z. M., Shi, X. Y., et al., 2006. K-bentonitesand black/dark shales fromthe Wufeng-Longmaxi Fm. (Early Paleozoic, South China) and Xiamaling Fm. (Early Neoproterozoic, North China): Implications fortectonic processes during two important transitions. Earth Science Frontiers, 13 (6): 82-95 (in Chinese with English abstract). Sun, Y. C., 1931. Graptolite bearing strata in China. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 10: 291-299. Sun, Y. C., 1943. Basses of the chronological classificationwith special reference to the Paleozoic stratigraphy ofChina. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 23 (1-2): 36-56. Wang, H. Z., Zhang, S. H., He, G. Q., 2005. China andMongolia. In: Selly, R. C., Cocks, L. R. M., Pli mer, I. R., eds., Encyclopedia of geology. Elsevier, Oxford, 1: 345-358. Wang, X. F., Chen, X., Chen, X. H., et al., 1996. Stratigra-phical lexicon of China—The Ordovician System. Geo-logical Publishing House, Beijing, 1-126 (in Chinese). Wang, X. F., Chen, X. H., 2005. Stratigraphic subdivisionand correlation of each geologic periodin China. Geolog-ical Publishing House, Beijing, 1-596 (in Chinese). Xu, X. S., Liu, B. J., Mu, C. L., et al., 2004. Sedi mentary-tectonic transition and source and reservoir rocks ofthree major marine cratonic petroleum-bearing basins inwestern China. Geological Bulletin of China, 23 (11): 1066-1073 (in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, X. S., Xu, Q., Pan, G. T., et al., 1996. Paleogeographyof the South China continents andits contrast with Pan-gea. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 1-161 (in Chinese with English abstract). Yin, H. F., Wu, S. B., Du, Y. S., et al., 1999. South Chinadefined as part of Tethyan archipelagic ocean system. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geo-sciences, 24 (1): 1-12 (in Chinese with English ab-stract). Yin, Z. X., 1943. On the Longmachi shale. Geological Re-view, 8 (1-6): 1-8 (in Chinese). Zhang, W. T., 1962. Ordovician of China. Science Press, Bei-jing, 1-161 (in Chinese). Zhao, Z. Q., Ding, Q. X., 1996. Multiple classification ofstratigraphy of China (40): Regional stratigraphy ofCentral-South China. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan, 1-197 (in Chinese with English ab-stract). 陈旭, 丘金玉, 1986. 宜昌奥陶纪的古环境演变. 地层学杂志, 10 (1): 1-15. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ198601000.htm 陈旭, 戎嘉余, 1996. 中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比. 北京: 科学出版社. 陈旭, 戎嘉余, 樊隽轩, 等, 2006. 奥陶系上统赫南特阶全球层型剖面和点位的建立. 地层学杂志, 30 (4): 289-305. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4959.2006.04.001 陈旭, 戎嘉余, Rowley, D. B., 等, 1995. 对华南早古生代板溪洋的质疑. 地质论评, 41 (5): 389-400. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0371-5736.1995.05.001 傅力浦, 宋礼生, 1986. 陕西紫阳地区(过渡带) 志留纪地层及古生物. 西北地质科学, 14: 1-198. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBFK198614000.htm 姜岳华, 岳文浙, 业治铮, 1994. 华南下古生界缺氧事件与黑色页岩及有机矿产. 有色金属矿产与勘察, 3 (5): 272-278. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSJS405.002.htm 金淳泰, 万正权, 叶少华, 等, 1992. 四川广元、陕西宁强地区志留系. 成都: 成都科技大学出版社, 1-97. 李志明, 全秋琦, 1992. 中国南部奥陶-志留纪笔石页岩相类型及其构造古地理. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 17 (3): 261-269. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX199203003.htm 林宝玉, 苏养正, 朱秀芳, 等, 1996. 中国地层典——志留系. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-104. 刘宝珺, 许效松, 潘杏南, 等, 1993. 中国南方古大陆沉积地壳演化与成矿. 北京: 科学出版社, 1-236. 刘义仁, 傅汉英, 1989. 中国奥陶系韩江阶、石口阶的候选层型剖面——湖南祁东双家口剖面. 地层学杂志, 13 (3): 161-191, (4): 235-253. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DCXZ198903000.htm 穆恩之, 1954. 论五峰页岩. 古生物学报, 2 (2): 153-170. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX195402002.htm 苏文博, 2001. 上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪层序地层及海平面变化研究. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-108. 苏文博, 李志明, 史晓颖, 等, 2006. 华南五峰组-龙马溪组与华北下马岭组的钾质斑脱岩及黑色岩系——两个地史转折期板块构造运动的沉积响应. 地学前缘, 13 (6): 82-95. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2006.06.011 汪啸风, 陈旭, 陈孝红, 等, 1996. 中国地层典——奥陶系. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-126. 汪啸风, 陈孝红, 2005. 中国各地质时代地层划分与对比. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-596. 许效松, 刘宝珺, 牟传龙, 等, 2004. 中国西部三大海相克拉通含油气盆地沉积-构造转换与生储岩. 地质通报, 23 (11): 1066-1073. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2004.11.003 许效松, 徐强, 潘桂棠, 等, 1996. 中国南大陆演化与全球古地理对比. 北京: 地质出版社, 1-161. 殷鸿福, 吴顺宝, 杜远生, 等, 1999. 华南是特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 24 (1): 1-12. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX901.000.htm 尹赞勋, 1943. 关于龙马溪页岩. 地质论评, 8 (1-6): 1-8. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZLP201701018.htm 张文堂, 1962. 中国的奥陶系. 北京: 科学出版社, 1-161. 赵自强, 丁启秀, 1996. 全国地层多重划分对比研究(40) 中南区区域地层. 武汉: 中国地质大学出版社, 1-197. -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3392
- HTML全文浏览量: 544
- PDF下载量: 254
- 被引次数: 0
