Carbonation of Mafic-Ultramafic Rocks: A New Approach to Carbon Dioxide Geological Sequestration
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摘要: CO2地质封存是控制全球CO2净排放量的有效手段.自然界存在大量基性、超基性岩石的碳酸盐风化作用, 与CO2反应生成稳定的碳酸盐矿物.影响基性、超基性岩石与CO2反应速率的因素有温度、压力、pH值、流体流动速率以及与矿物接触的表面积等.矿物在反应过程中放热可以使碳酸盐化体系进入自我加热的良性循环, 同时控制流体的流动速率可以保持最佳温度并使反应速率最大化.蛇绿岩中的橄榄岩、大陆玄武岩和深海玄武岩在地球表层广泛分布, 可贮存大量CO2.目前研究表明此方法在技术上可行, 经济成本上有优势.因此, 基性、超基性岩石具有封存CO2的巨大潜力, 可以作为地质封存CO2的新途径.Abstract: Geological sequestration is an effective way to enhance the net reduction of global CO2 emission. In nature, there is vast amount of carbonation of mafic-ultramafic rocks, reacting with CO2 to produce stable carbonate minerals. Factors that affect carbonation reaction rates of mafic-ultramafic rocks with CO2 include temperature, pressure, pH values, fluid flow rate, and contact surface area, etc.. Exothermic mineral reactions can drive the carbonation system into a self-heating regime. Meanwhile, controlling fluid flow rates can maintain the optimal temperature for reaction rate. Peridotites in ophiolite, continental flood basalt and deep-sea basalt are widespread on the shallow surface of the earth, providing an alternative for CO2 storage. Current research demonstrates that both technology and economic cost are available. Therefore, mafic-ultramafic rocks have huge potential for CO2 sequestration and it is a new approach to CO2 geological sequestration.
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Key words:
- mafic rocks /
- carbon dioxide /
- geological sequestration /
- petrology /
- lithosphere
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图 1 大陆玄武岩和蛇绿岩全球分布(据Oelkers et al., 2008；Matter and Kelemen, 2009)
Fig. 1. Global distribution of continental basalt and ophiolite outline
图 2 反应速率与温度、压力、pH值以及流体的流动速率的函数关系
a.各种矿物反应速率与温度的关系, 据O'Connor et al.(2005)、Mckelvy et al.(2006)、Gislason and Oelkers(2003)、Palandri and Kharaka(2004)、Hänchen et al.(2006)和Schaef and McGrail(2009)；b.橄榄石在不同压力下反应速率与温度的关系, 相当于25 ℃时, 1×105 Pa的CO2饱和溶液, 据Barnes and O'Neil(1969)和Schaef and McGrail(2009)；c.玄武岩中钙离子溶解速率与pH值和温度之间的关系, 据O'Connor et al.(2005)；d.橄榄石碳酸盐化过程中流体流动速率对温度的影响, 据Kelemen and Matter(2008)
Fig. 2. Functional relationships between reaction rates, pressures, temperatures, pH values and fluid flow rates
表 1 矿物封存CO2的反应物和产物(据Oelkers et al., 2008)
Table 1. Reactants and resultants of CO2 sequestration reaction
矿物 化学式 矿物质量(t/tC) 生成的碳酸盐矿物 方解石(Calcite) CaCO3 8.34 菱镁矿(Magnasite) MgCO3 7.02 丝钠铝石(Dawsonite) NaAlCO3(OH)2 12.00 菱铁矿(Siderite) FeCO3 9.65 铁白云石(Ankerite) Ca(Fe, Mg)(CO3)2 8.60 具有封存CO2潜力的矿物 硅灰石(Wollastonite) CaSiO3 9.68 镁橄榄石(Forsterite) Mg2SiO4 5.86 蛇纹石(Serpentine) Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 7.69 钙长石(Anorthite) CaAl2Si2O8 23.10 玄武质玻璃(Basaltic glass) Na0.08 K0.008 Fe(II)0.17 Mg0.28
Ca0.26Al0.36 Fe(III)0.02 SiTi0.02 O3.458.76 
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