Groundwater Quality and Contamination Assessment in the Main Plains of Eastern China
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摘要: 利用我国东部平原地下水污染调查评价工作所取得的大量数据, 采用单因子评价法进行地下水质量评价, 采用检出法和超标法进行地下水污染评价.地下水质量评价结果显示, 我国东部主要平原可以直接饮用(Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水)或经适当处理可以饮用(Ⅳ类水)的地下水资源占47.9%, 不能直接饮用的地下水资源(Ⅴ类水)占52.1%;深层地下水质量一般好于浅层地下水.影响地下水质量的天然化学组分主要以锰、铁、氟、碘、总硬度等为主, 人类活动影响则主要体现在"三氮"(NO3-、NH4+、NO2-)、镉、铅和微量有机等组分上.地下水污染评价结果表明, 地下水中"三氮"普遍呈面状污染特征, 重(类)金属呈点污染特征, 尤以铅、砷污染较严重, 有毒有害有机污染呈现"检出率高、超标率低"的特征.我国地下水污染形势严峻, 应该尽快推进全国地下水污染调查评价工作, 组织实施全国地下水污染防治规划, 遏制地下水污染恶化态势, 有效保护我国地下水资源与环境.Abstract: Based on a large amount of data obtained from the National Groundwater Contamination Investigation Project, the groundwater quality in North China plain, Huaihe River basin, the Yangtze River delta and the Pearl River delta in the eastern China was assessed with the single factor method, and the status of groundwater quality was assessed with detection limit and over-standard rate methods. The results show that the proportion of groundwater suitable for drinking directly (Ⅰ-Ⅲ level) or after proper treatment (Ⅳ level) is 47.9%, and the proportion not suitable for drinking directly (Ⅴ level) is 52.1%. The quality of shallow groundwater is slightly worse than that of the deep groundwater. The main compositions which affected the groundwater quality are natural chemical compositions, such as iron, manganese, fluorine, iodine, total hardness etc., whereas chemical compositions from human activities including three nitrogen (NO3-, NH4+, NO2-) compounds, cadmium, lead and trace organic composition. The groundwater contamination caused by three nitrogen compounds is distributed with regional characteristics; on the contrary, that by heavy metals is distributed with point characteristics. The contamination caused by lead and arsenic is especially serious, and toxic organic contamination presents the characteristic of high detection rate and low over-standard rate. The National Groundwater Contamination Investigation should be promoted, and the national groundwater prevention and control planning should be organized and carried out to curb the worsening situation of groundwater contamination and protect the groundwater resources and environment in China.
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表 1 东部主要平原地下水样品分布统计
Table 1. Groundwater samples in the main plains and deltas
内容 面积(km2) 总数 浅层井 深层井 珠江三角洲地区 41 698 405 405 长江三角洲地区 65 000 2 477 2 149 328 淮河流域平原区 220 000 3 846 3 049 797 华北平原 139 238 6 069 4 387 1 682 合计 465 936 12 797 9 990 2 807 表 2 地下水质量评价指标及限值
Table 2. Indexes and limited value for groundwater quality assessment
序号 指标 Ⅰ类 Ⅱ类 Ⅲ类 Ⅳ类 Ⅴ类 1 pH 6.5~ 8.5 5.5~6.5 5.5或>9.0 8.5~9.0 2 总硬度(以CaCO3计,mg/L)* ≤150 ≤300 ≤450 ≤650 >650 3 溶解性总固体(mg/L) ≤300 ≤500 ≤1 000 ≤2 000 >2 000 4 硫酸盐(mg/L) ≤50 ≤150 ≤250 ≤350 >350 5 氯化物(mg/L) ≤50 ≤150 ≤250 ≤350 >350 6 铁(mg/L)* ≤0.1 ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤2.0 >2.0 7 锰(mg/L)* ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 ≤1.5 >1.5 8 铜(mg/L) ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 >1.5 9 锌(mg/L) ≤0.05 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤5.0 >5.0 10 铝(mg/L)★ ≤0.005 ≤0.05 ≤0.2 ≤0.5 >0.5 11 耗氧量(CODMn法,以O2计,mg/L) ★ ≤1.0 ≤2.0 ≤3.0 ≤10 >10 12 氨氮(以N计,mg/L)* ≤0.05 ≤0.05 ≤0.5 ≤1 >1 13 钠(mg/L)★ ≤200 ≤200 ≤200 ≤300 >300 14 亚硝酸盐(以N计,mg/L) ≤0.001 ≤0.01 ≤0.02 ≤0.1 >0.1 15 硝酸盐(以N计,mg/L) ≤2.0 ≤5.0 ≤20 ≤30 >30 16 氟化物(mg/L)* ≤0.2 ≤0.5 ≤1.0 ≤1.5 >1.5 17 碘化物(mg/L)* ≤0.000 4 ≤0.000 4 ≤0.004 ≤0.008 >0.008 18 汞(mg/ L) ≤0.000 05 ≤0.000 5 ≤0.001 ≤0.001 >0.001 19 砷(mg/L)* ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 >0.05 20 硒(mg/L) ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 >0.1 21 镉(mg/L)* ≤0.000 1 ≤0.001 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 >0.01 22 铬(Ⅵ)(mg/L) ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.05 ≤0.1 >0.1 23 铅(mg/L)* ≤0.005 ≤0.005 ≤0.01 ≤0.1 >0.1 24 三氯甲烷(mg/L)★ ≤0.000 5 ≤0.006 ≤0.06 ≤0.3 >0.3 25 四氯化碳(mg/L)★ ≤0.000 5 ≤0.000 5 ≤0.002 ≤0.02 >0.02 26 1,1,1-三氯乙烷(μg/L)★ ≤400 ≤400 ≤2 000 ≤4 000 >4 000 27 三氯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤7 ≤70 ≤210 >210 28 四氯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤4 ≤40 ≤300 >300 29 二氯甲烷(μg/L)★ ≤1 ≤2 ≤20 ≤500 >500 30 1,2-二氯乙烷(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤3 ≤30 ≤40 >40 31 1,1,2-三氯乙烷(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤0.5 ≤5 ≤10 >10 32 1,2-二氯丙烷(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤0.5 ≤5 ≤60 >60 33 三溴甲烷(μg/L)★ ≤1 ≤10 ≤100 ≤800 >800 34 氯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤0.5 ≤5 ≤90 >90 35 1,1-二氯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤3 ≤30 ≤1 500 >1 500 36 1,2-二氯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤5 ≤50 ≤300 >300 37 氯苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤30 ≤300 ≤600 >600 38 邻二氯苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤100 ≤1 000 ≤2 700 >2 700 39 对二氯苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤30 ≤300 ≤3 000 >3 000 40 苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤1 ≤10 ≤100 >100 41 甲苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤70 ≤700 ≤6 000 >6 000 42 乙苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤30 ≤300 ≤3 000 >3 000 43 二甲苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤50 ≤500 ≤6 000 >6 000 44 苯乙烯(μg/L)★ ≤0.5 ≤2 ≤20 ≤6 000 >6 000 45 苯并(a)芘(μg/L)★ ≤0.002 ≤0.002 ≤0.01 ≤0.5 >0.5 46 六六六(总量)(μg/L)★ ≤0.01 ≤0.5 ≤5 ≤10 >10 47 γ-六六六(林丹)(μg/L)★ ≤0.01 ≤0.2 ≤2 ≤9 >9 48 滴滴涕(总量)(μg/L)★ ≤0.01 ≤0.1 ≤1 ≤150 >150 49 六氯苯(μg/L)★ ≤0.005 ≤0.1 ≤1 ≤2 >2 注:*依据GB/T14848-93地下水质量标准做了适当调整;★限值参考美国EPA或者WHO标准制定. 表 3 有机污染物超标评价参考标准
Table 3. Referred standards for organic components of groundwater contamination assessment
指标 标准值(mg/L) 参考标准 指标 标准值(mg/L) 参考标准 指标 标准值(mg/L) 参考标准 三氯甲烷 0.06 卫生部 氯乙烯 0.005 卫生部 苯乙烯 0.02 卫生部 四氯化碳 0.002 卫生部 1,1-二氯乙烯 0.03 卫生部 总六六六 0.005 卫生部 1,1,1-三氯乙烷 2 卫生部 1,2-二氯乙烯 0.05 卫生部 α-BHC 三氯乙烯 0.07 卫生部 氯苯 0.3 卫生部 β-BHC 四氯乙烯 0.04 卫生部 邻二氯苯 1 卫生部 γ-BHC 0.002 卫生部 二氯甲烷 0.02 卫生部 间二氯苯 δ-BHC 1,2-二氯乙烷 0.03 卫生部 对二氯苯 0.3 卫生部 滴滴涕 0.001 卫生部 1,1,2-三氯乙烷 0.005 EPA 1,2,4三氯苯 0.07 EPA p,p'-DDE 1,2-二氯丙烷 0.02 WHO 苯 0.01 卫生部 p,p'-DDD 溴二氯甲烷 0.06 卫生部 甲苯 0.7 卫生部 o,p-DDT 一氯二溴甲烷 0.1 卫生部 乙苯 0.3 卫生部 p,p'-DDT 溴仿 0.1 卫生部 二甲苯 0.5 卫生部 六氯苯 0.001 卫生部 表 4 中国东部平原I~V类水样品比例分布
Table 4. Water samples of groundwater quality with grade I to V
华北 淮河 长三角 珠三角 总计 浅层 深层 浅层 深层 浅层 深层 浅层 浅层 深层 I类 0.05 0.12 0.00 0.50 2.28 0.00 0.25 0.49 0.21 Ⅱ类 5.58 7.25 0.72 3.64 1.57 1.83 1.23 3.09 5.59 Ⅲ类 16.57 19.08 9.52 19.32 13.04 11.59 5.43 13.21 18.28 Ⅳ类 21.24 23.13 36.27 30.87 34.50 42.07 56.79 30.04 27.54 Ⅴ类 56.55 50.42 53.50 45.67 48.60 44.51 36.30 53.17 48.38 合计 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 -
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