Volcanic Oil and Gas Reservoir Characteristics and Formation Mechanism in Kalagang Formation of Malang Sag in Santanghu Basin
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摘要: 利用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、录井、电测井及地球化学分析资料, 从火山岩的岩石学特征、储集空间类型及其成岩作用等方面, 研究了三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷卡拉岗组火山岩储层形成机理.结果表明: ①该区含油气火山岩岩性包括熔岩(玄武岩、安山岩)和火山碎屑岩, 以熔岩为主; ②火山岩相包括爆发相、溢流相、火山沉积相, 以溢流相为主; ③储集层碱交代作用明显, 可见钠长石化、钠铁闪石化、浊沸石化及石英多期充填孔缝等典型标志; ④卡拉岗组火山岩形成于碱性环境中, 其储集空间主要为次生溶蚀孔隙, 浊沸石溶蚀孔隙层段是本区较好的储集层, 反映卡拉岗组火山岩储层"先碱后酸"的形成机理; ⑤浊沸石层段与石英充填或胶结层段交互出现, 并且总是分布在石英充填或胶结层段之下, 是碱交代后热液向上运移排硅的证据, 反映卡拉岗组火山岩储层"下交上排"的形成机理.研究得出马朗凹陷卡拉岗组普遍发育碱交代作用, 揭示了火山岩储层形成演化具有烃碱流体参与的特征, 对深化火山岩储层形成机理认识具有重要意义.Abstract: The petrographic characteristics, types of reservoir spaces and diagenesis of volcanic rocks, and formation mechanism of volcanic reservoir in Kalagang Formation of Malang sag in Santanghu basin were studied, by combining core, core wafer, scanning electron microscope log data, electric logging and geochemical analysis data. The results show that: (1) The hydrocarbon bearing volcanics in this region is mainly composed of lava (basalt and andesite) and volcanoclastic rock; (2) The volcanic phase contain mainly effusive facies, explosive facies and volcanic sedimentary facies; (3) The alkali metasomotism in the reservoir is obvious, the typical marks of which are albitization, arfvedsonization, laumontitization and pore-fracture filled with quartz by multi-stage; (4) The volcanics in Kalagang Formation was formed in alkaline environment, the reservoir space of which is mainly secondary dissolution porosity. The solution pore layers of laumontite in the reservoir are good reservoir, which reflects volcanic reservoir formation mechanism of "alkali before acid" in Kalagang Formation; (5) The interaction by layers of laumontite and layers of quartz-cementing, while the former ones are always distributed under the latter ones, is the favorable evidence of the upward migration and discharging silicon after the hydrocarbon alkali fluid metasomatized the volcanic rocks, which reflects the volcanic reservoir formation mechanism of "metasomatism the lower layers and discharging in the upper layers" in Kalagang Formation. The research shows that alkali metasomotism is pervasive in Kalagang Formation, and it also reveals that the characteristics of hydrocarbon alkali fluid participation in the formation and development of volcanic reservoir, which is significant in further acquaintance of the formation mechanism in volcanic reservoir.
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Key words:
- Malang sag /
- volcanic rocks /
- diagenesis /
- hydrocarbon alkali fluid /
- alkali metasomotism /
- secondary pore /
- petroleum geology /
- oil and gas
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图 2 马朗凹陷卡拉岗组火山岩测井相分析
Fig. 2. Electrofacies map of volcanics in Kalagang Formation of Malang sag
图 3 马朗凹陷石炭系卡拉岗组火山分布与断裂关系
Fig. 3. Carboniferous volcanic distributing and fracture belt in Kalagang Formation of Malang sag
图 4 马朗凹陷卡拉岗组火山岩典型矿物特征
a.钠长石化，T11井，卡拉岗组，2 944 m，普通(-)；b.浊沸石胶结，M28井，卡拉岗组，413 m，普通(-)；c.浊沸石充填孔缝后溶解，M19井，卡拉岗组，1 559 m，铸体(-)；d.钠铁闪石化，ND9-10井，卡拉岗组，1 574 m，铸体(-)；e.黄铁矿化，M47井，卡拉岗组，1 466 m，普通(-)；f.绿鳞石充填气孔形成杏仁体，ND9-10井，卡拉岗组，1 559 m，普通(+)；g.菱铁矿化，M24井，卡拉岗组，1 588 m，普通(-)；h.绿纤石化，M19井，卡拉岗组，1 564 m，普通(-)；i.次生石英充填气孔形成杏仁体，ND9-10井，卡拉岗组，1 505 m，铸体(+)
Fig. 4. Plate provided with mineral properties of the volcanic rocks of Kalagang Formation in Malang Saga
表 1 马朗凹陷卡拉岗组火山岩岩性统计(%)
Table 1. Statistics on lithology of volcanic rocks in Kalagang Formation of Malang sag
构造带 熔岩 火山碎屑岩 玄武岩 粗玄岩 粗安岩 安山岩 粗面岩 熔结火山碎屑岩 火山角砾岩 凝灰岩 沉火山角砾岩 沉凝灰岩 马北 19.94 27.39 14.56 6.32 0.79 6.52 13.77 6.37 3.14 1.20 牛圈湖 7.32 21.45 21.28 11.16 1.69 3.21 23.26 5.95 3.99 0.59 黑墩 34.09 24.12 7.26 3.21 1.32 5.39 14.56 3.65 5.23 1.17 马中 24.59 20.14 13.37 7.43 1.47 2.68 17.75 4.57 7.09 0.91 马东 13.44 26.49 17.24 4.57 1.26 1.36 16.43 6.35 9.57 3.29 
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表 2 马朗凹陷石炭系卡拉岗组火山岩储集空间类型及特征
Table 2. Types and characteristics of Carboniferous volcanic reservoir space in Kalagang Formation of Malang sag
储集空间类型 成因 特征及识别标志 发育的岩石类型 孔隙 原生 气孔 火山喷发时，冷凝作用使岩浆包裹气体逸出后形成气孔 圆形、压扁伸长性，孔壁可不规则但较圆滑；大多数呈孤立状，少数为串珠状 玄武岩、安山岩、角砾熔岩、凝灰熔岩、熔结角砾岩 杏仁体内残留孔 充填气孔的矿物沿其孔隙壁生长，但未被填满而形成的孔隙 伸长形、多边形，边缘多为棱角状 玄武岩、安山岩、角砾熔岩、凝灰熔岩、熔结角砾岩 晶内熔孔 地下形成的晶体(斑晶、晶屑)喷至地表受高温熔浆和氧化作用被熔透而成 圆形、椭圆形、不规则形，多发育于石英晶体内 玄武岩、安山岩、角砾熔岩、熔结角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、凝灰岩 粒内孔 火山碎屑岩的刚性和塑性岩屑自身带来 主要发育于较粗粒的火山碎屑内 集块岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、沉火山碎屑岩 粒间孔 较粗粒火山碎屑之间未被充填，受压结、压实作用改造而缩小 形状不规则，多发育于火山碎屑组分之间 集块岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、沉火山碎屑岩 微孔 熔岩基质的结晶作用为占满的空间，较细粒火山碎屑之间未被充填 发育于熔岩基质微晶矿物之间或较细粒火山碎屑之间 各类火山岩 次生 粒内溶孔 地表水淋滤或地下水溶蚀长石晶体(斑晶、晶屑)及岩屑内的长石、火山尘、玻璃质等 分布于长石及岩屑的内部或边缘，在长石内多沿解理缝分布，形状多不规则 玄武岩、熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、集块岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩、沉火山碎屑岩 基质内溶孔 地表水淋滤或地下水溶蚀熔岩的基质和细粒火山灰、火山尘而形成 形状不规则，个体小，发育于熔岩基质或较细粒火山碎屑中 玄武岩、熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、集块岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩 杏仁体内溶孔 地表水淋滤或地下水溶蚀杏仁体内的充填物质 发育于杏仁体内 玄武岩、安山岩、玄武岩、浮岩、角砾熔岩、凝灰熔岩、熔结角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩 铸模孔 岩屑、单个或多个长石晶体被地表水淋滤或地下水溶蚀而成 保留长石斑晶或晶屑以及刚性或塑性岩屑的外形 玄武岩、熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、集块岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩 裂缝 原生 收缩缝 熔浆喷冷凝收缩作用、火山碎屑物成岩收缩作用 同心圆形、相平行的弧状 各类火山岩 层间缝 火山岩的压实、压结成岩作用 顺层分布、缝窄面大、延伸长 玄武岩、安山岩、角砾熔岩 炸裂缝 由火山喷发时岩浆上拱力、岩浆爆发力引起的气液爆炸作用而形成 裂缝不定向、弯曲形 各类火山岩 贴粒缝 压实成岩作用 多贴近火山集块和火山角砾边缘 熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、集块岩、火山角砾岩 解理缝 矿物受外力作用形成 相互平形、成组出现 各类火山岩 次生 构造缝 岩石受构造应力作用形成 常平行成组出现，具方向性，常连通其他孔隙 各类火山岩 风化缝 表生风化作用形成 不具方向性，错综交叉.弧形、同心弧形、马尾形、不规则形 各类火山岩 缝合缝 压实、压溶作用形成 呈锯齿状、缝合线形 熔结角砾岩、角砾熔岩、集块岩、火山角砾岩 溶蚀缝 地表水淋滤或地下水溶蚀 不具方向性，缝壁不规则 各类火山岩
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表 3 卡拉岗组火山岩储层物性与岩性、岩相关系
Table 3. Relationship of physical property with lithofacies and lithology of volcanic rocks in Kalagang Formation
岩相 亚相 典型岩石类型 储集空间类型 孔隙度(%) 渗透率(10-3 μm2) 火山通道相 火山颈 角砾熔岩 砾间孔+裂隙 12.71 1.03 次火山岩 次辉绿玢岩 溶蚀孔+裂隙 2.60 0.17 隐爆角砾岩 隐爆角砾岩 气孔+砾间孔+裂隙 9.39 0.68 溢流相 上部 气孔及自碎熔岩 气孔+溶蚀孔+裂隙 19.13 1.74 中部 致密熔岩 溶蚀孔+裂隙 4.96 0.27 下部 角砾、凝灰熔岩 砾间孔、溶蚀孔+裂隙 7.21 0.86 爆发相 热碎屑流 熔结火山碎屑岩 气孔+砾间孔+溶蚀孔 15.60 1.31 热基浪 晶屑凝灰岩 溶蚀孔+裂隙 9.12 0.72 空落 集块岩、角砾岩 砾间孔+溶蚀孔 11.84 0.68 侵出相 外带 角砾熔岩 气孔+溶蚀孔+裂隙 5.35 0.76 中带 致密中酸性熔岩 脱玻化微孔+溶蚀孔+裂隙 3.02 0.08 内带 中酸性熔岩 脱玻化微孔+溶蚀孔+裂隙 4.85 0.33 火山沉积相 再搬运 沉火山角砾岩 溶蚀孔+砾间孔 4.64 0.27 含外碎屑 沉火山角砾岩、沉凝灰岩 溶蚀孔+砾间孔 4.30 0.10
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