Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of Carboniferous Volcanic Rocks in Northern Alxa and Its Neighboring Areas, Inner Mongolia, China
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摘要: 阿拉善北部地区石炭纪火山岩分布广泛, 目前对其成因和构造环境研究还很薄弱.通过对该区石炭纪火山岩岩石学和地球化学特征的分析, 探讨其岩石成因和形成时的构造背景, 为判定石炭纪盆地性质与古构造环境提供岩石地球化学约束.研究区内石炭纪火山岩主要为中-酸性火山岩, 少量基性火山岩.玄武岩、玄武安山岩的大多数样品显示亚碱性系列特征, Mg#介于0.29~0.69之间, 高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti明显亏损, 岩石轻度富集轻稀土元素(LREE), (La/Yb)N=2.19~10.10, Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.81~1.08), 稀土配分曲线右倾较缓, εNd(t)值较高(+1.10~+6.35).总体上既显示板内构造环境特征, 又携带俯冲带地球化学印记.综合区域地质特征及前人研究结果, 认为阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩形成于板内裂谷环境, 且可能与地幔柱事件有关, 岩浆在上升过程中受到地壳物质不同程度的混染.Abstract: Carboniferous volcanic rocks are widely distributed in northern Alashan League and its neighboring areas, and their genesis and tectonic setting have always been an issue of controversy. Based on analysis of petrology and petrogeochemistry characteristics of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the study area, this paper attempts to clarify the palaeo-tectonic setting and provides independent evidence for understanding the properties of Carboniferous basin. The volcanic rocks are dominated by intermediate-acidic volcanic rock. The majority of basalts, basaltic-andesite and andesite fall into sub-alkaline series. Mg# number of this suit ranges from 0.29 to 0.69. These volcanic rocks samples exhibit strong depletion in the high field strength elements Nb, Ta and Ti, and minor enrichment in the LREE. In terms of REE, (La/Yb)N number ranges from 2.19 to 10.10, showing less obvious Eu depletion (δEu=0.81 to 1.08), and slightly right-inclined REE distribution patterns, with higher εNd(t) value (+1.10 to +6.35). The samples show not only the marks of those within plate setting as a whole, but also those of subduction zone. Combining with the regional geological characteristic, we conclude that the Carboniferous magmatic activity in the study area generated in a within-plate setting, with variable degrees of contamination of crust during magma ascending, and probably related to mantle plume event.
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Key words:
- Alxa /
- Carboniferous /
- volcanic rocks /
- petrogeochemistry /
- tectonics
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图 1 阿拉善北部及其邻区构造地质简图(区域大地构造小图, 据任纪舜等, 1999)
Ⅰ.萨彦-额尔古纳造山带；Ⅱ.蒙古-鄂霍次克造山带；Ⅲ.天山兴安造山带；Ⅳ.昆仑-祁连-秦岭造山系；Ⅴ.滇藏造山带；①额尔齐斯-佐伦-黑河缝合带；②天山南缘缝合带；③雅鲁藏布缝合带
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of northern Alxa and its neighboring areas
图 2 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩的(Na2O+K2O)-SiO2岩石分类图解(a)(据Le Bas et al., 1986)和Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y岩石分类图解(b)(据Winchester and Floyd, 1976)
Fig. 2. TAS diagram(a) and Zr/ TiO2-Nb/Y diagram(b) of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
图 3 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩样品的稀土元素配分图(a)和微量元素蛛网图(b)
球粒陨石REE数据、原始地幔和OIB(洋岛玄武岩)数据据Sun and McDonough(1989)；俯冲带玄武岩数据据Tatsumi and Eggins(1995)
Fig. 3. Chondrite-normalized REE diagram (a) and Primitive mantle-normalized spidergram (b) of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
图 4 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩样品Zr/Nb-Ce/Yb图解(a)和La/Sm-Th/Nb图解(b)
N-MORB.亏损MORB；E-MORB.富集MORB；PM.原始地幔；Buck Crust.大陆地壳.其中，N-MORB，E-MORB，NM，OIB数据引自Sun and McDonough(1989)；Buck Crust数据引自Rudnick and Gao(2003)
Fig. 4. Zr/Nb-Ce/Yb diagram (a) and La/Sm-Th/Nb diagram (b) of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
图 5 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩样品的构造判别图
a.Zr/Y-Zr判别图(据Pearce et al., 1979)；b.V-Ti判别图(据Shervais, 1982)；c.Zr-Nb-Y判别图(据Meschede，1986)，其中，AI.为板内碱性玄武岩；AII.板内碱性玄武岩和板内拉斑玄武岩；B.E型MORB；C.板内拉斑玄武岩和火山弧玄武岩；D.N型MORB和火山弧玄武岩；d.Th-Hf-Ta判别图(据Wood，1980)，其中，A.N型MORB；B.E型MORB和板内拉斑玄武岩；C.板内碱性玄武岩；D.火山弧玄武岩，其中岛弧拉斑玄武岩的Hf/Th＞3，而钙碱性玄武岩的Hf/Th＜3
Fig. 5. Tectonic discrimination diagrams of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
图 6 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩样品的Zr/Nb-Nb/Th图解(a)和Nb/Y-Zr/Y图解(b)
PM.原始地幔; DM.亏损地幔; DEP.亏损组分; UC.上地壳; EMⅠ.富集地幔Ⅰ型; EMⅡ.富集地幔Ⅱ型; HIMU.高μ值地幔; REC.循环组分(底图据Condie, 2005)
Fig. 6. Zr/Nb-Nb/Th diagram(a) and Nb/Y-Zr/Ydiagram(b) of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
图 7 阿拉善北部及其邻区石炭纪火山岩样品的(Tb/Yb)N-(La/Sm)N图解(Xu et al., 2001) (a)和La/Sm-Sm/Yb图解(Lassiter and DePaolo, 1997；PM, DMM, CLM数据据McDonough, 1990)(b)
PM.原始地幔; DMM.亏损地幔; CLM.大陆岩石圈地幔
Fig. 7. (Tb/Yb)N-(La/Sm)N diagram(a) and La/Sm-Sm/Yb diagram(b) of Carboniferous volcanics from the study area
表 1 研究区石炭纪火山岩主量元素(%)、稀土和微量元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 1. Major elements (%), REE and trace elements(10-6) analyses of Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the study area
样品 09HSPGH2 09DHLGH1 09DHLGH2 09DHLGH3 09AESGH1 09AESGH2 08ZSGH01 08ZSGH03 09HBRGH1 09HBRGH2 09HBRGH3 岩性 安山岩 玄武安山岩 玄武安山岩 玄武安山岩 玄武安山岩 安山岩 玄武岩 玄武岩 英安岩 安山岩 玄武安山岩 主量元素(%) SiO2 60.46 55.68 55.50 55.54 56.02 57.91 49.42 51.38 64.06 58.10 52.87 TiO2 1.48 1.14 1.14 1.18 0.90 0.91 1.48 1.35 0.82 0.95 1.12 Al2O3 16.43 16.71 16.82 17.41 19.77 17.71 15.21 14.89 11.34 12.83 15.80 Fe2O3 3.61 4.04 4.80 4.92 3.48 5.05 2.37 1.96 4.73 5.18 5.95 FeO 4.30 4.38 3.86 4.16 3.42 2.37 6.38 6.46 1.78 2.38 3.28 MnO 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.06 0.07 0.10 MgO 0.97 4.27 4.45 3.85 2.48 3.01 6.98 6.97 1.91 2.37 4.08 CaO 2.38 8.22 6.74 7.42 5.70 4.75 9.95 8.98 4.90 6.77 4.49 Na2O 6.29 3.15 4.11 3.28 3.42 3.46 3.35 3.26 3.78 4.09 3.40 K2O 0.73 0.70 0.77 0.62 1.85 2.03 0.48 0.40 2.16 1.94 4.62 P2O5 0.60 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.19 0.19 0.23 0.21 LOI 2.59 1.26 1.30 1.13 2.64 2.49 3.30 3.33 4.33 5.11 4.07 H2O- 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.19 0.22 0.19 0.22 0.10 0.08 0.16 Total 100.14 100.04 100.04 100.01 100.2 100.24 99.48 99.54 100.16 100.1 100.15 Mg# 0.29 0.63 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.69 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.69 0.46 稀土元素(10-6) La 28.60 14.30 13.40 14.20 11.00 11.80 8.24 7.59 9.59 10.80 11.30 Ce 65.00 33.80 32.20 34.00 24.30 25.80 20.94 19.00 20.00 24.10 24.70 Pr 8.78 4.55 4.36 4.62 3.26 3.37 3.14 2.88 2.59 3.14 3.31 Nd 37.3 19.6 18.9 19.4 14.0 14.3 16.6 14.6 11.0 13.2 14.0 Sm 9.03 4.91 4.69 4.76 3.58 3.72 4.67 4.18 2.76 3.34 3.79 Eu 2.59 1.39 1.35 1.44 1.18 1.14 1.40 1.22 0.84 1.02 1.25 Gd 8.56 4.80 4.69 4.86 3.63 3.59 4.90 4.49 3.04 3.56 4.09 Tb 1.28 0.69 0.66 0.74 0.52 0.52 0.84 0.74 0.47 0.56 0.63 Dy 8.10 4.92 4.69 4.86 3.77 3.62 5.10 4.61 3.22 4.00 4.39 Ho 1.75 1.07 1.04 1.06 0.80 0.81 1.07 0.89 0.72 0.90 0.98 Er 4.65 2.91 2.82 2.80 2.25 2.19 3.06 2.65 2.04 2.39 2.61 Tm 0.70 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.33 0.33 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.38 Yb 4.30 2.69 2.61 2.62 2.12 2.02 2.70 2.25 2.07 2.36 2.34 Lu 0.65 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.35 0.35 δEu 0.41 1.62 0.90 0.85 1.21 0.98 0.72 1.28 0.74 0.79 0.33 (La/Yb)N 4.79 3.82 3.69 3.90 3.73 4.20 2.19 3.33 3.29 3.47 3.05 ∑REE 181.0 96.5 92.2 96.2 71.0 73.5 73.4 59.0 70.1 74.1 191.0 LREE/HREE 5.05 4.39 4.32 4.42 4.18 4.49 2.98 3.84 3.83 3.70 3.58 微量元素(10-6) Ti 8 871 6 833 6 833 7 073 5 395 5 455 8 867 8 084 4 915 5 694 6 713 V 30.4 164.0 171.0 180.0 147.0 173.0 307.0 255.0 134.0 162.0 186.0 Rb 23.90 14.90 16.70 9.77 46.90 62.20 9.13 9.86 55.50 46.10 138.00 Sr 278.0 417.0 549.0 418.0 567.0 534.0 236.0 249.0 72.4 210.0 205.0 Ba 235.0 266.0 322.0 300.0 351.0 410.0 58.4 61.8 353.0 307.0 802.0 Zr 240.0 166.0 165.0 171.0 87.5 95.1 131.0 130.0 93.6 105.0 127.0 Hf 5.29 3.76 3.73 3.80 2.30 2.52 3.42 3.52 2.19 2.44 2.97 Nb 9.13 5.08 4.90 5.12 4.37 4.58 4.29 4.35 3.19 3.37 4.05 Ta 0.57 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.37 0.48 3.15 0.22 0.21 0.28 Y 45.9 28.2 27.2 27.4 21.7 21.5 27.5 24.8 19.8 24.5 26.1 Th 4.89 2.06 2.09 2.02 2.77 3.71 0.58 0.70 1.75 1.83 2.22 U 1.83 1.10 1.26 1.16 1.03 1.36 0.68 0.68 1.46 1.66 0.83 Nb/U 4.99 4.62 3.89 4.41 4.24 3.37 6.27 2.18 2.03 4.88 5.25 主量元素(%) SiO2 50.05 49.43 50.41 49.42 45.41 44.63 44.67 59.05 50.75 56.25 55.44 TiO2 3.03 2.89 2.20 2.14 3.29 3.50 3.43 0.94 1.30 0.97 1.08 Al2O3 14.02 12.99 14.55 13.48 12.74 13.22 13.10 16.09 18.09 15.49 15.45 Fe2O3 7.95 10.52 3.61 3.87 3.23 2.70 2.78 2.81 4.84 2.22 2.63 FeO 5.15 1.94 7.51 6.97 10.06 10.81 11.12 3.62 3.96 4.44 4.57 MnO 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.21 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.21 0.32 0.11 0.12 MgO 2.48 2.27 4.92 5.23 6.40 6.28 6.56 2.92 3.03 4.94 5.02 CaO 4.70 6.31 6.44 5.80 11.25 10.22 10.70 4.89 8.99 5.61 6.12 Na2O 4.69 5.39 3.02 3.83 2.37 2.99 2.39 3.77 3.42 3.74 3.51 K2O 0.57 0.58 0.74 0.44 0.32 0.31 0.29 1.92 0.74 1.55 1.55 P2O5 0.92 0.87 0.47 0.47 0.52 0.60 0.57 0.94 1.30 0.13 0.19 LOI 6.23 6.56 5.93 8.12 3.22 3.68 3.26 0.12 0.17 4.57 4.33 H2O- 0.58 0.84 0.68 0.71 0.17 0.19 0.29 0.19 0.19 0.30 0.34 Total 100.53 100.81 100.65 100.69 99.22 99.38 99.42 97.47 97.1 100.32 100.35 Mg# 0.68 0.54 0.57 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.59 0.58 0.66 0.66 0.57 稀土元素(10-6) La 24.00 22.20 16.20 16.90 31.20 34.70 32.40 18.20 16.60 9.96 11.20 Ce 61.0 56.9 39.9 41.8 63.9 69.5 66.6 41.5 39.6 21.7 24.7 Pr 8.89 8.32 5.77 6.02 8.31 8.95 8.62 5.49 5.56 2.82 3.27 Nd 41.1 38.4 25.9 27.4 38.8 41.6 39.8 22.8 23.6 11.8 14.1 Sm 11.00 10.60 6.94 7.24 8.15 8.55 8.37 5.42 6.00 3.05 3.67 Eu 3.61 3.43 2.27 2.27 2.73 2.87 2.88 1.42 1.75 0.96 1.15 Gd 12.20 11.80 7.62 8.06 7.71 7.99 7.75 5.25 5.85 3.41 4.05 Tb 1.83 1.73 1.12 1.26 1.17 1.26 1.24 0.76 0.85 0.56 0.60 Dy 11.50 11.10 7.33 7.84 6.58 6.46 6.74 4.82 5.24 3.49 3.86 Ho 2.41 2.33 1.49 1.65 1.24 1.21 1.20 1.00 1.10 0.72 0.85 Er 6.46 6.13 3.93 4.40 3.28 3.26 3.47 2.85 3.01 1.93 2.26 Tm 0.92 0.87 0.59 0.64 0.44 0.43 0.44 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.33 Yb 5.66 5.31 3.55 3.96 2.75 2.48 2.62 2.67 2.65 1.91 2.14 Lu 0.85 0.83 0.55 0.60 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.41 0.41 0.29 0.32 δEu 0.98 1.42 0.90 0.87 1.00 1.08 1.64 0.73 1.64 0.75 0.96 (La/Yb)N 3.01 3.28 3.07 8.17 10.10 8.89 4.90 4.51 3.75 3.77 5.98 ∑REE 180.0 123.0 130.0 177.0 190.0 182.0 113.0 113.0 62.9 72.5 84.2 LREE/HREE 3.49 3.70 3.58 6.51 7.09 6.67 5.22 4.77 3.99 4.03 5.46 微量元素(10-6) Ti 18 162 17 323 13 187 12 827 19 747 20 993 20 564 5 634 7 792 5 814 6 474 V 207.0 208.0 264.0 262.0 377.2 408.0 398.0 140.0 197.0 170.0 178.0 Rb 13.10 10.50 15.20 10.20 7.92 8.26 10.60 56.10 16.30 81.30 73.20 Sr 90 172 329 225 476 482 539 478 620 434 400 Ba 426.0 437.0 298.0 213.0 78.2 187.0 141.0 284.0 228.0 300.0 339.0 Zr 317 277 203 206 195 201 208 199 158 110 119 Hf 6.51 6.26 4.71 4.79 5.25 5.64 5.57 4.71 3.74 2.85 2.99 Nb 8.56 8.83 6.97 7.24 34.60 37.70 35.80 5.32 5.02 4.01 4.31 Ta 0.52 0.61 0.44 0.46 2.53 2.56 2.55 0.38 0.30 0.35 0.36 Y 64.8 62.8 39.7 44.1 31.6 32.1 32.2 28.6 29.2 19.4 22.5 Th 3.85 3.54 2.24 2.25 3.03 3.18 2.95 5.94 3.35 4.16 4.23 U 1.63 1.62 0.69 0.74 0.82 0.96 0.88 1.83 1.18 1.12 1.16 Nb/U 5.45 10.10 9.78 42.30 39.30 40.70 2.91 4.25 3.58 3.72 5.73 注：Mg#=Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe2+). 
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表 2 研究区石炭纪火山岩Nd同位素分析结果
Table 2. Nd isotopic data for Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the study area
样品号 分析号 Sm(10-6) Nd(10-6) 147Sm/144Nd (143Nd/144Nd)i 143Nd/144Nd±2σ εNd(t) 08MHGH8 T1260 8.15 38.8 0.126 987 0.512 320 0.512 565±0.000 013 1.20 08MHGH9 T1261 8.55 41.6 0.124 253 0.512 338 0.512 578±0.000 009 1.56 08MHGH10 T1262 8.37 39.8 0.127 138 0.512 332 0.512 578±0.000 009 1.45 09264GH2 T1264 10.6 38.4 0.166 887 0.512 402 0.512 724±0.000 010 2.80 09AESGH1 T1265 3.58 14.0 0.154 594 0.512 314 0.512 613±0.000 009 1.10 09CSGH8 T1266 3.67 14.1 0.157 361 0.512 447 0.512 751±0.000 007 3.69 09DHLGH2 T1267 4.69 18.9 0.150 029 0.512 583 0.512 873±0.000 007 6.35 09HBRGH2 T1268 3.34 13.2 0.152 976 0.512 450 0.512 745±0.000 008 3.74 09HSPGH2 T1269 9.03 37.3 0.146 363 0.512 488 0.512 771±0.000 009 4.49 注：取t=310 Ma；Sm、Nd含量采用ICP-MS测试结果.
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