微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

黄金瓯; 靳孟贵; 栗现文

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2014.070

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.070

黄金瓯^{1, 2,},
靳孟贵^{1, 2, ,},
栗现文^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室，湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国地质大学环境学院，湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41172218

详细信息

作者简介:
黄金瓯(1989-)，男，博士研究生，研究方向为水文地质与生态环境以及水流与溶质运移.E-mail: hjo2012@163.com

通讯作者:
靳孟贵，E-mail: mgjin@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P595, S151.9
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-09-26
- 刊出日期: 2014-06-15

Influence of Mulched Drip-Irrigation with Brackish Water on Element Composition of Soil, Cotton, and Cotton Yield

Huang Jin'ou^{1, 2
,},
Jin Menggui^{1, 2
, ,},
Li Xianwen^{1, 2}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 通过微咸水和淡水膜下滴灌对比试验，研究灌溉水质对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响.结果表明：微咸水灌溉处理，土壤窄行和膜间微量元素(尤其是铜、铁、锌)含量明显高于宽行，Na⁺增长率低于宽行；多数棉花器官中钾钠比、钙钠比并未因灌溉水质的区别而产生显著差异；微咸水滴灌有利于促进棉花前期营养生长及后期生殖生长，棉花干物质、单铃重、单位面积铃数及籽棉产量均高于淡水处理；棉株内锰、硼与钙元素间存在显著的相关关系，在一定阈值内，硼、锰促进棉花对钙的吸收.试验证明：微咸水中含有一定量的微量元素，合理利用微咸水灌溉，不会对棉花生长造成胁迫，相反能有效抑制土壤中Na⁺增长，增强棉花对盐分胁迫的抵抗能力、提高棉花产量.
- 微咸水 /
- 棉花 /
- 盐害 /
- 抑制 /
- 微量元素 /
- 地球化学 /
- 环境工程
Abstract: Irrigation with brackish water has a long history throughout the world. Irrational use of brackish or saline waters, however, may lead to soil salinization and reduction of crop yields. In order to promote reasonable applications of brackish water and fertilizer irrigation, a series of experiments of mulched drip-irrigation with brackish and fresh waters were carried out at Bazhou Irrigation Experimental Station (Korla, Xinjiang, China). Plant and soil samples were collected at every growth stage. Cotton yields were measured at boll opening stage. Nine elements (Ca, Na, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and B) of each sample were tested in triplicate by ICP-OES (ICAP6300) after pretreated. The influence of water quality on the element compositions of soil and cotton and cotton yield were discussed based on the experiment. The results show that growth rate of Na⁺ in narrow rows and interspace of mulches was lower than that in wide rows because of higher content of Cu, Fe, Zn. The ratios of K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺, however, in most cotton organs show no significant differences between the two treatments. From buds to boll stages, brackish water irrigation enhanced the accumulation of above ground dry matters, which was favorable for vegetative development. From boll to boll opening stages, root and reproductive growth under brackish water were superior to that for fresh water. Furthermore, dry matters, boll weight, numbers of boll per unit area and cotton yield under brackish water were higher than those for fresh water. According to the correlations analyses, relationship between most trace and macro elements was weak. High correlations, however, were found among manganese, boron, and calcium. Within a certain threshold, boron, manganese promoted the absorption of calcium in cotton. It has been proved that a rational use of brackish water will not lead to the growth stress. On the contrary, it would not only lower the growth rate of Na⁺ in the soil effectively, but also strengthen cotton's resistibility to salt stress and increase cotton yields as well.
- brackish water /
- cotton /
- salt damage /
- inhibition /
- trace element /
- geochemistry /
- environmental engineering

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图 1 田间棉花种植及滴灌带布局

Fig. 1. Sketch of cottons and pipes for drip irrigation

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图 2 咸、淡水膜下滴灌土壤剖面钠元素增长率

Fig. 2. Growth rate of sodium in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

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图 3 咸、淡水膜下滴灌6种元素在土壤剖面的分布

Fig. 3. Distribution of six elements in soil profile under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

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图 4 咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉花干物质累积

Fig. 4. Accumulation of cotton dry matter under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

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图 5 棉株内锰、硼与钙元素的相关关系拟合曲线

a.硼、钙相关关系拟合曲线；b.锰、钙相关关系拟合曲线.1.根、铃、絮(Ca>10 000×10^-6)；2.茎、蕾(Ca：10 000×10^-6~20 000×10^-6)；3.蕾期叶片(Ca：20 000×10^-6~30 000×10^-6)；4.絮期叶片(Ca：30 000×10^-6~40 000×10^-6)

Fig. 5. Matched curve of correlations among manganese, boron and calcium in cotton

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表 1 2012年巴州灌溉试验站灌溉用水中主要元素和离子含量

Table 1. Elements and anions in irrigation water of Bazhou Irrigation Experimental Station in 2012

元素及离子	淡水	微咸水
Cu	6.1±0.2	8.0±0.3
Zn	84.4±4.3	127.3±4.2
Fe	449.7±29	690.6±23.1
Mn	21.6±1.9	27.1±1.5
B	92.9±12.5	293.7±20.5^**
Na	67.86±11.20	401.37±7.43^**
K	7.12±1.11	23.38±0.43^**
Ca	51.57±3.24	145.01±3.98^**
Mg	24.06±1.84	100.67±3.98^**
HCO₃^-	196.08±3.16	368.07±2.81^**
NO₃^-	16.37±1.36	47.14±2.25^**
Cl^-	55.18±7.09	443.20±10.61^**
SO₄^2-	132.75±13.57	704.70±15.15^**
注：Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、B含量的单位为μg/L，其余为mg/L；表内各项指标为平均值±标准差；^表示0.05水平上，2种处理差异显著；^*表示0.01水平上，2种处理差异极显著；表 2、4~7同理.

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表 2 供试土壤中各元素背景值(10^-6)

Table 2. Background value of different elements in tested soil (10^-6)

处理	深度(cm)	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	B	Ca	Mg	Na	有效钾	有效磷	有效氮
微咸水	0~10	0.88±0.06	102±0.8	58.9±3.2	1.58±0.24	1.56±0.09	21 023±1113	587±7	169±69	47.9±5.9	11.3±3.8	23.3±2.2
	10~20	0.93±0.03	101±2.9	57.1±1.6	1.12±0.03	1.80±0.06	19 622±687	569±14	143±41	47.0±1.2	20.4±5.4	22.1±3.2
	20~30	0.94±0.04	100±4.3	58.8±1.6	1.00±0.08	1.92±0.21	20 371±1097	557±9	123±10	55.6±8.1	14.0±3.5	26.0±3.5
	30~40	0.75±0.03	87±2.8	55.0±2.2	0.87±0.11	1.40±0.13	21 124±607	447±8	108±5	50.8±4.6	5.5±3.3	18.3±2.0
	40~50	0.81±0.13	83±5.1	58.8±4.0	0.96±0.34	1.55±0.29	18 244±1686	600±40	151±24	56.5±6.4	4.3±2.3	15.4±1.6
	50~60	0.87±0.06	96±2.9	64.2±5.6	0.72±0.20	1.83±0.17	24 892±961	756±9	231±67	53.1±3.6	3.4±0.8	12.5±0.8
淡水	0~10	0.91±0.07	101±6.3	57.8±4.6	1.52±0.33	1.70±0.38	20 662±1690	610±35	156±47	50.6±2.1	12.0±4.7	24.5±2.1
	10~20	0.96±0.17	102±6.9	59.3±3.3	1.09±0.23	1.78±0.43	20 332±953	587±43	135±30	46.0±3.7	19.7±4.1	23.2±2.8
	20~30	0.99±0.16	97±6.8	56.3±4.1	1.02±0.16	2.07±0.70	19 232±1987	563±33	127±22	54.2±1.5	13.2±6.7	25.0±1.4
	30~40	0.73±0.02	85±5.4	58.0±6.9	0.94±0.27	1.33±0.12	21 884±1450	470±84	104±27	52.8±4.6	5.9±7.3	17.5±4.1
	40~50	0.79±0.11	88±8.8	62.8±9.0	1.04±0.17	1.51±0.27	19 650±3896	637±47	156±44	53.6±10.1	4.1±2.5	14.8±1.3
	50~60	0.83±0.26	91±15.3	62.1±4.9	0.75±0.48	1.97±0.02	25 050±3322	762±66	214±3	55.5±6.9	3.5±0.2	13.3±3.6

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表 3 2012年田间灌水、施肥方案

Table 3. Scheme of irrigation and fertilization in 2012

生育期	蕾期	花期					铃期						吐絮初期			合计
灌水次数	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	合计
灌水日期(月/日)	6/25	6/30	7/5	7/10	7/15	7/20	7/25	7/30	8/4	8/9	8/14	8/19	8/24	8/29	9/3
灌水份额(%)	4.3	7.1	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.6	5.7	5.7	2.9	2.9	2.9	100.0
灌水量(mm)	22.499	37.498	44.998	44.998	44.998	44.998	44.998	44.998	44.998	44.998	29.999	29.999	14.999	14.999	14.999	524.970
施氮量(kg/hm²)	14.4		19.2		52.8		60.0		60.0		60.0					266.4

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表 4 不同生育期棉株钾钠比、钙钠比

Table 4. The ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ in cotton at different growth stages

生育期	器官	K⁺/Na⁺		Ca²⁺/Na⁺
生育期	器官	微咸水	淡水	微咸水	淡水
蕾期	根	16.33±1.44	13.35±1.97	3.16±1.36	2.22±0.54
	茎	14.36±0.12^*	8.14±1.11	5.87±1.82	3.79±1.47
	叶	9.69±1.81	5.45±1.27	16.02±1.43^**	9.12±0.74
	蕾	86.64±3.36^**	39.28±2.78	81.83±2.28^**	51.35±1.71
絮期	根	5.32±1.93	5.10±0.13	1.64±0.45	1.48±0.23
	茎	4.94±1.04^*	6.31±0.54	2.16±0.76	2.41±0.09
	叶	3.80±1.52	4.39±0.04	5.06±0.69^**	8.22±1.34
	铃	48.41±6.19	46.57±9.66	13.10±4.98	10.65±1.85
	絮	25.22±8.83^*	37.71±6.65	5.75±0.79^**	7.73±0.31

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表 5 咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉花根冠比

Table 5. Root/shoot ratios under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

播种后天数(d)	处理	棉花不同器官干物质(g)
播种后天数(d)	处理	根	茎	叶	蕾	花	铃	絮	地下部干物质重(g)	地上部干物质重(g)	根冠比
59	微咸水	1.03±0.78	1.61±0.35	1.64±0.52	0.27±0.03				1.03±0.78	3.51±1.17	29.2±5.1%
59	淡水	1.23±0.72	2.04±0.3	1.64±0.47	0.34±0.04				1.23±0.72	4.02±1.23	30.5±6.3%
66	微咸水	2.37±0.63	5.84±1.83	6.33±1.98	0.95±0.35^*	1.27±0.44^*			2.37±0.63	14.39±4.25	16.5±1.4%
66	淡水	1.58±0.58	3.61±0.46	4.81±0.48	0.45±0.13	0.31±0.02			1.58±0.58	9.17±1.11	17.2±1.2%
71	微咸水	2.24±0.35^*	7.33±0.14^*	8.08±0.74	2.81±0.51^*	0.16±0.03^*			2.24±0.35^*	18.37±1.37^*	12.2±1.5%
71	淡水	1.65±0.48	4.74±1.28	6.29±1.74	1.89±0.35	0.27±0.01			1.65±0.48	13.18±1.38	12.5±3.6%
81	微咸水	3.62±0.11^**	10.56±1.82	9.02±1.68^*	2.32±0.52^*	0.30±0.02^*	9.18±0.05^**		3.62±0.11^**	31.38±5.01^*	11.5±1.5%
81	淡水	2.33±0.15	8.32±0.31	7.19±0.54	1.43±0.39	0.48±0.05	2.25±0.01		2.33±0.15	19.66±0.04	11.9±1.7%
116	微咸水	6.54±0.81^*	16.62±2.87	16.16±2.81			27.17±2.11^*		6.54±0.81^*	59.95±3.04^*	10.9±0.9%^*
116	淡水	3.28±0.69	13.39±0.87	10.83±3.23			21.38±2.94		3.28±0.69	45.59±3.16	7.2±0.6%
137	微咸水	6.47±1.98	14.45±2.41	17.47±0.85^*			29.89±8.74	25.61±7.72	6.47±1.98	87.42±3.94^*	7.4±1.4%
137	淡水	4.04±0.42	9.32±2.96	8.53±1.85			22.23±8.18	19.71±5.41	4.04±0.42	59.79±6.97	6.8%±1.9%

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表 6 咸、淡水膜下滴灌条件下棉株产量

Table 6. Cotton yields under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water

处理	单铃重(g)	单位面积铃数(个/3.3 m²)	籽棉产量(kg/hm²)
微咸水	6.014±0.534	397.8±48.5^**	7 177.05±883.96^**
淡水	5.833±0.428	318.3±42.6	5 569.95±754.32

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表 7 咸、淡水膜下滴灌棉花内元素组成(吐絮期)

Table 7. Elements composition in cotton under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water (boll opening stage)

处理	器官	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	B	Ca	Mg	Na	K
微咸水	根	5.6±0.8	70.2±3.0	5.6±0.2^**	9.0±1.1^*	11.1±0.2	2 793±18^**	1 437±3^**	1 709±8^**	9 099±50^**
	茎	7.4±0.1^**	213.9±8.2^*	11.0±0.8	23.2±9.2	32.4±0.2^**	21 418±234^**	10 840±313^**	9 960±40^**	49 145±467^**
	叶	4.4±1.0	374.6±5.4	27.5±4.2	16.3±1.1	39.0±1.5^*	33 841±138^**	7 710±30^**	6 707±100^**	25 470±466^**
	铃	3.3±0.6^**	89.7±1.4^*	8.3±0.5	14.5±1.2	15.5±1.7	3 741±223^**	2 119±11	283±13	13 829±286
	絮	2.6±0.1^**	109.1±2.4^**	8.5±0.6^**	15.5±1.2^*	10.6±0.4^**	1 545±16^**	1 407±18^**	264±4^**	6 763±23^**
淡水	根	3.0±1.1	73.8±8.4	3.6±0.2	10.5±0.7	11.0±1.3	2 390±46	1204±12	1 614±18	8 221±45
	茎	6.4±0.2	239.9±3.4	10.3±2.1	27.5±5.9	23.2±0.6	22 808±194	12 622±384	9 472±28	59 798±550
	叶	4.8±0.1	384.0±45.4	29.1±1.8	17.9±1.5	43.3±1.6	35 825±465	7 857±27	4 368±15	19 177±786
	铃	4.4±0.9	70.4±8.7	7.4±0.6	12.0±1.4	13.7±0.3	3084±21	2 071±51	291±6	13 506±316
	絮	2.2±0.1	59.8±0.5	6.8±0.2	11.9±1.2	5.7±0.1	1254±29	1 023±144	163±4	6 111±76
注：元素单位为10^-6.

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表 8 棉株内9种元素间相关性分析(n=54)

Table 8. Correlations of 9 elements in cotton

元素	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	B	Ca	Mg	Na	K
Cu	1.000
Fe	0.294^*	1.000
Mn	0.407^**	0.576^**	1.000
Zn	0.35^**	0.617^**	0.529^**	1.000
B	0.349^**	0.579^**	0.648^**	0.267	1.000
Ca	0.35^**	0.38^**	0.704^**	0.295*	0.715^**	1.000
Mg	0.458^**	0.220	0.53^**	0.246	0.534^**	0.794^**	1.000
Na	0.068	0.136	-0.012	-0.082	0.260	0.493^**	0.607^**	1.000
K	0.080	0.177	-0.030	0.133	0.162	0.382^**	0.587^**	0.782^**	1.000

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