Impact of Water Impoundment of Large Reservoirs on Spatial Variation of Coastal Relative Sea Level in China
-
摘要: 通过对我国大型水库蓄水的时空特征进行深入分析, 统计得到近60年来大型水库蓄水累积的库容量已达到697km3, 占全国所有水库库容量的83.3%及全球库容量的6.5%;而2000年以来的大型水库数量及蓄水量的变化有明显的加速, 库容量的变化率为16.7km3/a, 远高于1950年到2000年的4.9km3/a的增长率; 同时借助卫星重力(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE)观测手段, 对2000年以后主要分布在长江流域以南地区的水库进行水储量估算, 结果显示GRACE仅能估算得到63%的水库变化量, 两者之间的差异可能反映了该地区地下水的长期变化. 结合大型水库的分布位置与库容量, 基于海平面变化方程计算得到了中国近海相对海平面的空间变化. 水库蓄水导致的渤海与东南沿海海域的相对海平面上升明显, 最大上升高度约为8mm; 而2000年以后的水库对海平面的影响主要集中在东南沿海, 其中南海海域较为突出, 上升高度约为2~3mm, 在此期间蓄水造成的近海不同验潮站位置的海平面增长速度在0.02~0.11mm/a之间变化.Abstract: The spatial-temporal characteristics of water impoundment of large reservoirs in China are analyzed in this study. The results show that 697km3 of water has been impounded in the large reservoirs since 1950, which amounts to 83.3% and 6.5% of the total reservoir storage capacity in China and the whole world, respectively. The numbers of large reservoirs and water storage capacity have been accelerating since 2000, and rate of the capacity change is 16.7km3/a, much higher than the increase from 1950 to 2000 at 4.9km3/a. Meanwhile, terrestrial water storage in the south of the Yangtze River basin is estimated by using satellite gravity data by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) after 2000, showing that the estimate by GRACE is only 63% of total reservoir volume changes, and the difference between GRACE and real reservoir storage variations suggests a long-term trend of groundwater in this area. Based on location and capacity of the large reservoirs and sea level equation, the dam-induced spatial distributions of coastal relative sea level (RSL) are calculated. The results depict that the RSL caused the water impounded behind dams rise most quickly in the Bohai Sea and southeast coastal areas, and the maximum of the RSL is approximately about 8mm. Besides, impact of the water impoundment on the RSL mainly concentrates in the southeast coast, where the rise of the RSL is approximately about 2 to 3mm since 2000. And the rising rate of the RSL in the China coastal tide gauge locations is 0.02-0.11mm/a.
-
图 1 中国大型水库完成时间、库容量及位置分布
数据来源于ICOLD
Fig. 1. Date of completion, capacity and locations of the large reservoirs in China
图 2 1950年以来的中国大型水库蓄水变化
a.全部水库累积蓄水的增加趋势；b.单个水库蓄水量与时间分布
Fig. 2. Water storage change of the large reservoirs in China since 1950
图 3 GRACE估算大型水库蓄水变化率
黑色虚线方框内为2000年后大型水库主要分布的地区；a.GRACE估算得到的中国地区陆地水储量的等效水柱高年变化率；b.GRACE估算大型水库主要分布地区(黑色虚线方框内)的敏感度内核分布
Fig. 3. The rate of water storage changes from large reservoirs, in mm/a water equivalent thickness, determined by monthly GRACE gravity field solutions
图 4 水库蓄水引起的相对海平面空间变化以及部分近海验潮站位置分布
a.1950—2013年的相对海平面响应；b.2000—2013年的相对海平面响应
Fig. 4. Spatial variations in relative sea level due to water impoundment behind dams, as well as tide gauge locations
-
Boy, J.P., Chao, B.F., 2002. Time-Variable Gravity Signal during the Water Impoundment of China's Three-Gorges Reservoir. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(24): 531-534. doi: 10.1029/2002GL016457 Cazenave, A., Nerem, R.S., 2004. Present-Day Sea Level Change: Observations and Causes. Reviews of Geophysics, 42(3): RG3001. doi: 10.1029/2003RG000139 Chao, B.F., 1995. Anthropogenic Impact on Global Geodynamics due to Reservoir Water Impoundment. Geophysical Research Letters, 22(24): 3529-3532. doi: 10.1029/95GL02664 Chao, B.F., Wu, Y., Li, Y., 2008. Impact of Artificial Reservoir Water Impoundment on Global Sea Level. Science, 320(5873): 212-214. doi: 10.1126/science.1154580 Cheng, M.K., Tapley, B.D., 2004. Variations in the Earth's Oblateness during the Past 28 Years. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(B9): B09402. doi: 10.1029/2004JB003028 Cheng, X.H., Qi, Y.Q., 2007. Trends of Sea Level Variations in the South China Sea from Merged Altimetry Data. Global and Planetary Change, 57(3): 371-382. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.01.005 Church, J.A., White, N.J., 2006. A 20th Century Acceleration in Global Sea-Level Rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 33: L01602. doi: 10.1029/2005GL024826 Church, J.A., White, N.J., Coleman, R., et al., 2004. Estimates of the Regional Distribution of Sea Level Rise over the 1950-2000 Period. Journal of Climate, 17(13): 2609-2625. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2609:EOTRDO>2.0.CO;2 Douglas, B.C., 1991. Global Sea Level Rise. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(C4): 6981-6992. doi: 10.1029/91JC00064 Douglas, B.C., 1992. Global Sea Level Acceleration. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C8): 12699-12706. doi: 10.1029/92JC01133 Dziewonski, A., Anderson, D.L., 1981. Preliminary Reference Earth Model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 25(4): 297-356. doi: 10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7 Farrell, W.E., 1972. Deformation of the Earth by Surface Loads. Reviews of Geophysics, 10(3): 761-797. doi: 10.1029/RG010i003p00761 Farrell, W.E., Clark J.A., 1976. On Postglacial Sea Level. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 46(3): 647-667. doi: 10.111/j.1365-246x.1976.tb01252.x Fiedler, J.W., Conrad, C.P., 2010. Spatial Variability of Sea Level Rise due to Water Impoundment behind Dams. Geophysical Research Letters, 37(12): L12603. doi: 10.1029/2010GL043462 Holgate, S.J., Woodworth, P.L., 2004. Evidence for Enhanced Coastal Sea Level Rise during the 1990s. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(7): L07305. doi: 10.1029/2004GL019626/full Jacob, T., Wahr, J., Pfeffer, W.T., et al., 2012. Recent Contributions of Glaciers and Ice Caps to Sea Level Rise. Nature, 482: 514-518. doi: 10.1038/nature10847 James, T.S., Ivins, E.R., 1995. Present-Day Antarctic Ice Mass Changes and Crustal Motion. Geophysical Research Letters, 22(8): 973-976. doi: 10.1029/94GL02800 Jentzsch, G., 1997. Earth Tides and Ocean Tidal Loading. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences (in Tidal Phenomena), 66: 145-171. doi: 10.1007/BFb0011461 Milne, G.A., Mitrovica, J.X., Davis, J.L., 1999. Near-Field Hydro-Isostasy: The Implementation of a Revised Sea-Level Equation. Geophysical Journal International, 139(2): 464-482. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00971.x Mitrovica, J.X., Peltier, W.R., 1991. On Postglacial Geoid Subsidence over the Equatorial Oceans. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(B12): 20053-20071. doi: 10.1029/91JB01284 Munk, W.H., MacDonald, G.J.F., 1960. The Rotation of the Earth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Nakada, M., Lambeck, K., 1989. Late Pleistocene and Holocene Sea-Level Change in the Australian Region and Mantle Rheology. Geophysical Journal International, 96(3): 497-517. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1989.tb06010.x Nerem, R.S., Leuliette, E., Cazenave, A., 2006. Present-Day Sea-Level Change: A Review. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 338(14-15): 1077-1083. doi: 10.1016/j.crte.2006.09.001 Rodell, M., Houser, P.R., Jambor, U., et al., 2004. The Global Land Data Assimilation System. Buletin of the American Meteorological Society, 85(3): 381-394. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381 Sahaglan, D.L., Schwartz, F.W., Jacobs, D.K., 1994. Direct Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea Level Rise in the Twentieth Century. Nature, 367: 54-57. doi: 10.1038/367054a0 Swenson, S., Chambers, D., Wahr, J., 2008. Estimating Geocenter Variations from a Combination of GRACE and Ocean Model Output. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B8): B08410. doi: 10.1029/2007JB005338 Swenson, S., Wahr, J., 2002. Methods for Inferring Regional Surface-Mass Anomalies from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Measurements of Time-Variable Gravity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(B9): ETG 3-1-ETG 3-13. doi: 10.1029/2001JB000576 Swenson, S., Wahr, J., 2006. Post-Processing Removal of Correlated Errors in GRACE Data. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(8): L08042. doi: 10.1029/2005GL025285 Swenson, S., Wahr, J., Milly, P.C.D., 2003. Estimated Accuracies of Regional Water Storage Variations Inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Water Resources Research, 39(8): 1223. doi: 10.1029/2002WR001808 Tamisiea, M.E., Hill, E.M., Ponte, R.M., et al., 2010. Impact of Self-Attraction and Loading on the Annual Cycle in Sea Level. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(C7): C07004. doi: 10.1029/2009JC005687 Tamisiea, M.E., Mitrovica, J.X., Milne, G.A., et al., 2001. Global Geoid and Sea Level Changes due to Present-Day Ice Mass Fluctuations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(B12): 30849-30863. doi: 10.1029/2000JB000011 Tushingham, A.M., Peltier, W.R., 1991. ICE-3G: A New Global Model of Late Pleistocene Deglaciation Based on Geophysical Predictions of Post-Glacial Relative Sea Level Change. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96(B3): 4497-4523. doi: 10.1029/90JB01583 Vorosmarty, C.J., Sharma, K.P., Fekete, B.M., et al., 1997. The Storage and Aging of Continental Runoff in Large Reservoir Systems of the World. AMBIO, 26(4): 210-219. http://www.mendeley.com/research/aging-storage-reservoir-systems-large-continental-runoff-world-1/ Wahr, J., Molenaar, M., Bryan, F., 1998. Time Variability of the Earth's Gravity Field: Hydrological and Oceanic Effects and Their Possible Detection Using GRACE. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(B12): 30205-30229. doi: 10.1029/98JB02844 Wang, H.S., 2000. Surface Vertical Displacements and Level Plane Changes in the Front Reservoir Area Caused by Filling the Three Gorges Reservoir. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(B6): 13211-13220. doi: 10.1029/2000JB900072 Wang, H.S., Hsu, H.T., Zhu, Y.Z., 2002. Prediction of Surface Horizontal Displacements, and Gravity and Tilt Changes Caused by Filling the Three Gorges Reservoir. Journal of Geodesy, 76(2): 105-114. doi: 10.1007/s00190-001-0228-3 Wang, H.S., Wang, Z.Y., Yuan, X.D., et al., 2007. Water Storage Changes in Three Gorges Water Systems Area Inferred from GRACE Time-Variable Gravity Data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 50(3): 730-736 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.oalib.com/paper/1567535 Wang, H.Y., Xu, H.Z., Wang, G.Y., 1997. Chinese Offing Geosat Satellite Altimetry Sea Level and Offshore Terrain. Chinese Science Bulletin, 42(8): 852-855 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/csb1997-42-8-852 Wang, X.W., Linage, C., Famiglietti, J., et al., 2011. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Detection of Water Storage Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir of China and Comparison with In-Situ Measurements. Water Resources Research, 47(12): W12502. doi: 10.1029/2011WR010534 Wu, T., Kang, J.C., Li, W.J., et al., 2007. Advance of Sea Level Change Research in China. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 27(4): 123-130 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200704022.htm Zhan, J.G., Wang, Y., 2011. Detect Water Storage Variation of Longtan Reservoir with GRACE Data. Chinese Journal of Geophysics., 54(5): 1187-1192 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQWX201105009.htm Zhang, Z.Z., Chao, B.F., Lu, Y., et al., 2009. An Effective Filtering for GRACE Time-Variable Gravity: Fan Filter. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(17): L17311. doi: 10.1029/2009GL039459 Zheng, W.Z., Chen, Z.Y., 1998. Establishment of Coastal Long-Term Tidal (Sea Level Monitoring) Stations in China and the Suggestions Thereof. Marine Science Bulletin, 17(1): 13-19 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HUTB199801001.htm Zhong, H.X., Xie, Z.R., Cui, S.H., et al., 2006. The Research on Sea Surface Topography in Yellow Sea and East China Sea in 1993-2001. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 35(1): 9-14 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-CHXB200601002.htm 汪汉胜, 王志勇, 袁旭东, 等, 2007. 基于GRACE时变重力场的三峡水库补给水系水储量变化. 地球物理学报, 50(3): 730-736. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2007.03.011 王海瑛, 许厚泽, 王广运, 1997. 中国近海海域Geosat卫星测高海平面和海面地形研究. 科学通报, 42(8): 852-855. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB199708019.htm 吴涛, 康建成, 李卫江, 等, 2007. 中国近海海平面变化研究进展. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 27(4): 123-130. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HYDZ200704022.htm 詹金刚, 王勇, 2011. 卫星重力捕捉龙滩水库储水量变化. 地球物理学报, 54(5): 1187-1192. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.05.007 郑文振, 陈宗镛, 1998. 我国沿海长期验潮(海平面监测)站的建立和建议. 海洋通报, 17(1): 13-19. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HUTB199801001.htm 钟鹤翔, 谢志仁, 崔树红, 等, 2006. 黄、东海海面地形在1993—2001年间的变化探讨. 测绘学报, 35(1): 9-14. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-1595.2006.01.003 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(5)
计量
- 文章访问数: 3612
- HTML全文浏览量: 663
- PDF下载量: 405
- 被引次数: 0
