Strain and Fractal Analysis of Dynamically Recrystallized Quartz Grains and Rheological Parameter Estimation of Shulan Ductile Shear Zone
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摘要: 舒兰北东向韧性剪切带位于佳木斯-伊通断裂带(佳-伊断裂带)中南段, 剪切带内糜棱岩具有明显左行走滑特征, 片麻理产状近NNE向.糜棱岩中长石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S型构造岩, 属拉长型应变.石英C轴EBSD组构分析表明, 石英组构以中低温菱面为主, 滑移系为{0001} < 110>.剪切带内糜棱岩的剪应变为0.44, 不同方法计算所得运动学涡度值均大于0.95, 指示剪切变形以简单剪切为主.综合矿物变形温度计、石英C轴EBSD组构、石英的粒度-频数图及Kruhl温度计综合估计该韧性剪切带变形机制以位错蠕变机制为主, 变质相为低绿片岩相, 发生韧性变形和糜棱岩化温度范围在400~500 ℃之间.糜棱岩内石英动态重结晶新晶粒边界普遍具有锯齿状或港湾状结构, 利用分形方法对其重结晶新晶边界研究表明, 这些晶粒边界具有自相似性, 表现出分形特征, 分形维数值为1.195~1.220.根据石英重结晶粒径估算差应力值为24.35~27.59 MPa, 代表了舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩化作用过程的差异应力下限.使用不同实验方法估算、比较和分析了该剪切带古应变速率, 认为该速率应为10-12.00~10-13.18 s-1, 与区域性应变速率10-13.00~10-15.00 s-1对比, 说明舒兰韧性剪切带的应变速率与世界上大多数韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩应变速率一致, 是缓慢变形的结果, 其形成可能与早白垩世伊泽纳崎板块向欧亚大陆俯冲发生转向有关.Abstract: Shulan ductile shear zone represents a suit of mylonites with sinistral strike-slip characteristics and NNE gneissosity located in south-middle part of the Jiamusi-Yitong fault (called Jia-Yi fault in short). Systematic measurement of the finite strains of feldspar in mylonites indicates that the strain type is extension strain in L-S tectonites. Quartz C-axis EBSD fabric indicates that the quartz fabrics is mainly low-middle temperature prism-glide fabrics with slip system of {0001} < 110>. By calculation of micro structures and quartz C-axis fabrics, it is found that the shearing strain is 0.44; all kinematic vorticities are all more than 0.95, which indicates that the deformation is mainly simple shear. Mineral deformation behaviors, quartz C-axis EBSD fabrics, quartz grain size-frequency diagram and Kruhl thermometer demonstrate that the ductile shear zone was developed under a condition of low-grade greenschist facies, with deformation temperatures ranging from 400 to 500 ℃, and dislocation creep is the main deformation mechanism. The shapes of recrystallized quartz grains in mylonites with their jagged and indented boundaries are natural records of deformation conditions. Fractal analysis shows that the boundaries of recrystallized grains have statistically self-similarities with the numbers of fractal dimension from 1.195 to 1.220. The paleo-stress from dynamically recrystallized grain sizes of quartz are 24.35-27.59 MPa, representing the lower limit of the paleo-stress during mylonization. Together with temperature estimates and applying published flow laws, it is concluded that estimated strain rates on the order of 10-12.00 to 10-13.18 s-1, contrasting with regional strain rate of 10-13.00 to 10-15.00 s-1, indicate deformation of mylonite in Shulan ductile shear zone with low strain rates which are consistent with most other ductile zone, suggest the deformation is slow process. Taking into consideration of the regional tectonic setting of NE China, we suggest that the formation of the ductile shear zone with NNE trending might be related to moving direction changing of the Izanagi plate obliquely subducting under the Eurasia plate.
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图 1 舒兰韧性剪切带地质简图及变形组构与采样位置
a.佳-伊断裂带断隆与断陷相间排列的构造格局；b.研究区及周边地质简图, 据孟婧瑶等，2013修改；n为线理和面理的测量数
Fig. 1. Geological map of Shulan ductile shear zone with smple numbers used for this study and stereoplot of foliation planes and stretching lineation
图 2 舒兰韧性剪切带典型宏观及显微变形特征
a.发育明显的石英条带，弱S-C组构，显示ENE左行剪切；b.浅色条带扭折，指示左行剪切特征；c.石英亚颗粒旋转重结晶现象及压力影，明显S-C组构，指示左行剪切特征；d.石英旋转重结晶集合体
Fig. 2. Some representative outcrop-scale and microscopic deformation structures of mylonitic rocks from Shulan ductile shear zone
图 4 舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩中石英C轴组构
采用等面积网下半球投影; N为测量的颗粒数，X、Y、Z分别代表应变椭球的最长轴、中间轴和最短轴，X/Y面为糜棱面理面; β用于计算运动学涡度，详细见下文
Fig. 4. C-axis fabric stereograms of quartz in mylonites from Shulan ductile shear zone
图 5 石英动态重结晶颗粒的粒径-周长双对数图解
N为测量颗粒数
Fig. 5. lg-lg plot of perimeter-diameter of dynamically recrystallized quartz grains
图 6 舒兰韧性剪切带糜棱岩中石英粒度-频数图
图中BLG代表低温膨突式动态重结晶(280~400 ℃)；SGR代表中温亚颗粒旋转式动态重结晶(400~500 ℃)；GBM代表高温颗粒边界迁移式动态重结晶(500~700 ℃)
Fig. 6. The relation between the particle sizes of recrystallized quartzes grain size versus frequency and deformation mechanisms in Shulan ductile shear zone
图 7 分形维数与变形温度关系
Fig. 7. Relationship between fractal dimension and deformation temperature
图 8 石英动态重结晶类型的温度-应变速率关系
Fig. 8. Strain-rate versus temperature diagram with the microstructural correlations of dynamically recrystallized quartz grain
表 1 舒兰韧性剪切带有限应变测量数据
Table 1. Data of finite-strain measurement from Shulan ductile shear zone
样品号 长短轴法 Fry法 心对心法 Y/Z X/Z X/Y K Y/Z X/Z X/Y K Y/Z X/Z X/Y K 799SQ-1 1.11 2.06 1.86 5.93 1.16 2.14 1.84 4.13 1.45 3.00 2.07 1.96 799SQ-2 1.16 1.78 1.53 2.89 1.10 1.92 1.75 5.84 1.60 2.91 1.82 1.27 800SQ-1 1.10 1.87 1.70 5.57 1.15 2.20 1.91 4.64 1.54 2.88 1.87 1.45 801SQ-2 1.21 2.21 1.83 3.16 1.12 2.02 1.80 5.20 1.35 3.40 2.52 3.08 
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表 2 舒兰韧性剪切带的剪应变及运动学涡度
Table 2. Shear strain and kinematic vorticity of mylonites from Shulan ductile shear zone
样品号 石英条带斜交面理法 石英C轴组构法 剪切角θ(°) 剪切应变γ 涡度Wk Rs β(°) Wk 799SQ-1 38 0.50 0.970 2.14 31 0.993 799SQ-2 39 0.43 0.978 1.92 39 0.994 800SQ-1 38 0.50 0.970 2.20 42 0.965 801SQ-2 40 0.35 0.985 2.02 34 0.999 平均值 - 0.44 0.976 - - 0.988
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表 3 石英动态重结晶颗粒边界的分形特征
Table 3. Fractal characteristics of dynamically recrystallized quartz grain boundary in mylonites
样品号 测量数 粒径分布(μm) 平均粒径(μm) 周长分布(μm) 平均周长(μm) 分形维数D 相关系数 799SQ-1 60 20.52~123.10 57.90 90.91~836.36 352.73 1.214 0.932 799SQ-2 61 32.44~137.63 65.01 163.64~853.36 357.68 1.195 0.942 800SQ-1 58 13.28~141.78 64.02 93.16~747.37 329.67 1.220 0.935 801SQ-2 56 9.39~150.39 55.55 112.63~826.32 342.87 1.208 0.939
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表 4 石英重结晶颗粒粒径压力计参数
Table 4. Parameters of paleopiezometers based on recrystallized quartz grain sizes
b(μmMPa-R) R 参考文献 1.45×104 -1.47 Twiss, 1977, 1980 4.07×103 -1.40 Mercier et al., 1977 4.9×102 -0.59 Koch, 1983 3 631 -1.26 Stipp et al., 2003
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表 5 古差异应力值(MPa)
Table 5. Estimation of paleo-stress by different methods
样品号 平均粒径(μm) Twiss(1980, 1977) Mercier (1977) Koch (1983) Stipp et al., 2003 799SQ-1 57.90 42.83 20.86 37.33 26.70 799SQ-2 65.01 39.59 19.20 30.68 24.35 800SQ-1 64.02 40.00 19.41 31.48 24.65 801SQ-2 55.55 44.06 21.48 40.05 27.59
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表 6 石英岩高温流变学实验参数
Table 6. Experimentally determined parameters for power law creep constitutive equations for the quartzites
A(MPa-1s-1) Q(Jmol-1) n H2O 参考文献 1.10×10-7 134 000 2.7 干 Koch, 1983 5.05×10-6 145 000 2.6 湿 Koch et al., 1989 1.58×10-5 134 000 2.6 0.4% Kronenberg and Tullis, 1984 6.50×10-8 135 000 2.6 - Paterson and Luan, 1990 4.40×10-2 230 946.2 2.6 湿 Parrish, 1976 6.309 57×10-12 13 400 4.0 - Hirth, 2010
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表 7 不同方法估算的差异应力和应变速率
Table 7. Estimation of strain rate by different methods
样品号 △σ*(MPa) 温度(℃) ε=Aσnd-mexp[-Q/RT] D=φlgε+ρ/T+1.08 Koch, 1983 Koch et al., 1989 Kronenberg and Tullis, 1984 Paterson and Luan, 1990 Parrish, 1976 Hirth, 2010 分形维数 Takahashi et al., 1998 799SQ-1 26.70 400 10-13.49 10-13.82 10-11.48 10-13.23 10-15.54 10-15.95 1.214 10-8.79 500 10-12.15 10-12.37 10-10.13 10-11.87 10-13.23 10-14.60 10-7.47 799SQ-2 24.35 400 10-13.60 10-13.93 10-11.58 10-13.35 10-15.65 10-16.11 1.195 10-9.00 500 10-12.26 10-12.48 10-10.24 10-12.00 10-13.33 10-14.76 10-7.68 800SQ-1 24.65 400 10-13.58 10-13.91 10-11.57 10-13.33 10-15.63 10-16.09 1.220 10-8.73 500 10-12.24 10-12.46 10-10.22 10-11.98 10-13.32 10-14.74 10-7.41 801SQ-2 27.59 400 10-13.45 10-13.79 10-11.44 10-13.18 10-15.51 10-15.90 1.208 10-8.86 500 10-12.11 10-12.33 10-10.10 10-11.83 10-13.19 10-14.55 10-7.54 注：*据 Stipp et al., 2003 .
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