华南李家沱剖面寒武纪纽芬兰世海水氧化还原性质演化及其驱动因素

向雷; 蔡春芳; 贺训云; 姜磊; 袁余洋; 汪天凯; 贾连奇

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2015.100

华南李家沱剖面寒武纪纽芬兰世海水氧化还原性质演化及其驱动因素

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2015.100

向雷^{1, 2,},
蔡春芳²,
贺训云²,
姜磊²,
袁余洋²,
汪天凯²,
贾连奇²

1.
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
2.
中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所, 江苏南京 210008

基金项目:

国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目 2011CB808800

国家基金委重大项目 41290260

国家杰出青年基金项目 41125009

详细信息

作者简介:
向雷(1982-), 男, 博士后, 主要从事古环境地球化学研究.E-mail: 649900940@qq.com

中图分类号: P632
计量
- 文章访问数: 4068
- HTML全文浏览量: 556
- PDF下载量: 520
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2014-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2015-07-15

Ocean Redox State Evolution and Its Controlling Factors during Cambrian Terreneuvian Epoch: Evidence from Lijiatuo Section, South China

1.
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2.
Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China

摘要

摘要: 大气-海洋含氧量的演化对埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪转折期的后生动物大爆发事件具有重要影响.为探讨寒武纪纽芬兰世中国南方海洋氧化还原性质的演化及其初级生产力、海水硫酸盐浓度等演化驱动因素, 分析了李家沱剖面纽芬兰世留茶坡组和小烟溪组微量元素、有机碳含量、有机碳同位素、总硫含量、黄铁矿硫同位素等.该剖面沉积于斜坡-盆地环境且出露齐全.该剖面上V/Sc、Th/U及Mo、U、V、Ni、Cu等元素的富集系数呈现出5个变化旋回, 其中留茶坡组中上部和小烟溪组中部各存在一氧化环境段, 其余层段处于缺氧环境, 而Re/Mo则显示仅在小烟溪组中部水体出现过短暂的氧化环境和含有游离H₂S的硫化环境, 其余层段处于没有游离H₂S的缺氧非硫化环境.Ba、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd等微量元素的富集系数及TOC表明: 留茶坡组的有机质沉降量和埋藏量都明显小于上覆小烟溪组; 而在小烟溪组中, 其中部有机质的沉降量和埋藏量最低, 下部最高, 上部次之.TOC/TS、TS以及黄铁矿硫同位素的垂向演化趋势等都显示李家沱剖面纽芬兰世大都处于低海水硫酸盐浓度环境.低海水硫酸盐浓度是造成李家沱剖面纽芬兰世缺氧水体未富集游离H₂S的主要原因.大气含氧量的升高是导致李家沱剖面小烟溪组中部出现短暂氧化环境以及近硫化环境的主要原因.
- 微量元素 /
- 黄铁矿硫同位素 /
- 氧化还原性质 /
- 海水硫酸盐浓度 /
- 纽芬兰世 /
- 李家沱剖面 /
- 地球化学
Abstract: The evolution of atmospheric and oceanic oxygen content played an important role in the metazoans' radiation around Ediacaran-Cambrian transition. To explore the vertical stratigraphic evolution and controls of the redox ocean state, primary productivity and seawater sulfate levels during the Terreneuvian epoch, South China, Lijiatuo section, a well-exposed one that is located in the slope and basin environment and consists of mudstones of Xiaoyanxi Formation and cherts of Liuchapo Formation, is selected as the study area for an in-depth analysis of the trace elements, total organic carbon(TOC), organic carbon isotopes, total sulfur(TS) and the sulfur isotope of the pyrite. Based on the ratios of V/Sc, Th/U and the enrichment factors of Mo, U, V, Ni and Cu in the Lijiatuo section, five oxic-anoxic cycles are identified across the Terreneuvian epoch. Except for the middle-upper Liuchapo Formation and the middle Xiaoyanxi Formation, the rest parts of the Lijiatuo section are under anoxic conditions. The Re/Mo ratios demonstrate that the oxic environment of the middle Xiaoyanxi Formation is accompanied by transient sulfidic conditions, and the rest parts of the section are under anoxic and non-sulfidic conditions. All the TOC and the enrichment factors of Ba, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd demonstrate that both the sink and burial flux of organic matter of Liuchapo Formation are lower than those of the overlying Xiaoyanxi Formation. The highest sink and burial fluxes of organic matter in the Xiaoyanxi Formation appeare in its lower parts, however, whereas the lowest sink and burial fluxes of organic matter in the Xiaoyanxi Formation appeare in its middle parts. The proxies of TOC/TS, TS and the vertical trend of sulfur isotope of pyrite show that the majority of the Lijiatuo section is under low seawater sulfate levels. The low seawater sulfate level was the dominating control for the depletion of free H₂S in the majority of the anoxic depositional environment of Lijiatuo section during Terreneuvian epoch. The rise of the atmospheric oxygen content was the principal driver for the coupled, transient oxic and near sulfidic environment in the middle Xiaoyanxi Formation.
- trace element /
- sulfur isotope of pyrite /
- redox state /
- seawater sulfate level /
- Terreneuvian epoch /
- Lijiatuo section /
- geochemisty

HTML全文

图 1 中国南方早中纽芬兰世岩相(a)和晚纽芬兰世岩相古地理分布(b)

据Goldberg et al.(2007)和Jiang et al.(2012)修改.1.沙滩剖面；2.三峡地区；3.柑子坪剖面；4.李家沱剖面；5龙鼻嘴剖面；6.松桃剖面；7.泗里口剖面；8.渣拉沟剖面；9.松林剖面；10.戈仲伍剖面；11.肖滩剖面；12.老林剖面；13.梅树村剖面

Fig. 1. Simplified palaeogeographic map of Yangtze platform during the Early-Middle Terreneuvian epoch (a) and Yangtze platform during the Late Terreneuvian epoch (b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 李家沱剖面有机碳含量、同位素组成及Ba、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn等元素的富集系数

Fig. 2. TOC, δ¹³C_org, and the enrichment factors of Ba, Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn from the Lijiatuo section, South China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 李家沱剖面总硫含量、黄铁矿硫同位素、Re/Mo×1000、Th/U、V/Sc及Mo、U、V富集系数

Fig. 3. TS, δ³⁴S_py, Re/Mo×1000, Th/U, V/Sc and the enrichment factors of Mo, U and V from the Lijiatuo section, South China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 有机碳同位素组成与有机碳含量交会点

▲表示留茶坡组；●表示小烟溪组

Fig. 4. Crossplot of TOC versus δ¹³C_org in the Lijiatuo section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 李家沱剖面与不同相区的肖滩剖面、三峡地区、柑子坪剖面及龙鼻嘴剖面的碳同位素对比

虚线代表无机碳同位素; 实线代表有机碳同位素

Fig. 5. The cabon istopes sratigraphic correlaion across the South China from the inner shelf to basin transection, including the Lijiatuo section, Xiaotan section, Three Gorges, Ganziping section and Longbizui section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 李家坨剖面地球化学数据

Table 1. Geochemical data of the Lijiatuo section during the Terreneuvian stage, South China

样品号	样品深度(m)	TOC (%)	δ¹³C_org (V-PDB‰)	TS (%)	δ³⁴S_py (V-CDT‰)	Th	Mo	Mo-ef	U	U-ef	V	V-ef	Ba	Ba-ef	Ni	Ni-ef
L-X-54	140.11	5.4	-32.9	0.1		11.6	24.10	29.70	33.70	45.7	194.0	1.7	4092	7.8	7.70	0.2
L-X-52	132.61	4.9	-32.9	0.1		10.1	30.60	43.30	71.50	111.2	1531.0	15.5	2315	5.0	111.00	2.6
L-X-51	128.71	0.6	-31.8	0.0		4.4	7.69	25.20	16.20	58.3	362.0	8.5	2255	11.4	6.44	0.4
L-X-50	125.91	6.1	-33.1	0.1		6.6	16.30	35.40	13.70	32.7	1682.0	26.1	2379	7.9	18.40	0.7
L-X-48	121.91	6.4	-33.0	0.1		6.0	15.60	37.50	13.60	35.9	3905.0	67.0	1266	4.7	16.00	0.6
L-X-47	119.21	5.2	-32.6	0.1		4.0	11.60	41.50	8.90	35.0	1613.0	41.2	1233	6.8	11.20	0.7
L-X-46	114.61	7.7	-32.8	0.1		3.6	22.40	90.00	12.10	53.4	2041.0	58.6	1892	11.7	15.80	1.1
L-X-44	111.11	13.1	-32.9	0.2	15.1	4.0	32.30	114.90	11.50	45	254.0	6.5	1705	9.3	16.20	1.0
L-X-41	105.81	13.2	-33.0	0.2	19.0	4.8	60.80	183.00	18.70	61.9	348.0	7.5	1852	8.6	19.20	1.0
L-X-39	102.76	11.8	-33.0	0.2		4.7	46.40	140.30	14.50	48.2	275.0	5.9	1558	7.3	12.50	0.6
L-X-38	99.21	8.8	-33.3	0.1		5.8	54.20	134.10	17.30	47	2080.0	36.8	1007	3.8	19.50	0.8
L-X-36	95.36	8.5	-33.5	0.1		4.3	31.60	105.60	28.90	106.1	1708.0	40.8	928	4.8	26.00	1.5
L-X-34	92.15	11.3	-33.4	0.2	18.9	4.7	98.90	299.63	14.80	49.3	2443.0	52.9	1150	5.4	28.90	1.5
L-X-32	88.95	12.7	-33.6	0.2		3.7	136.00	521.40	18.50	77.9	2152.0	58.9	1308	7.7	28.90	1.9
L-X-31	86.15	2.0	-32.7	3.5	25.7	7.9	12.20	22.00	28.40	56.4	818.0	10.6	8947	24.9	49.70	1.5
L-X-29	82.35	4.2	-31.6	2.6	21.9	13.0	10.40	11.40	13.60	16.4	176.0	1.4	2670	4.5	41.90	0.8
L-X-28	78.55	1.1	-27.8	0.0		16.5	2.60	2.20	4.70	4.5	83.5.0	0.5	3082	4.1	24.50	0.4
L-X-26	72.75	1.0	-29.3	0.1	14.2	12.4	0.70	0.80	3.97	5.0	133.0	1.1	2254	4.0	26.90	0.5
L-X-24	68.35	1.4	-29.3	0.1	17.3	12.2	0.90	1.00	3.70	4.8	82.3	0.7	4650	8.4	18.90	0.4
L-X-23	64.75	7.3	-30.9	8.4	31.1	8.0	8.30	15.00	6.70	13.2	172.0	2.2	15751	43.5	23.00	0.7
L-X-21	62.73	16.6	-31.4	0.4	23.4	6.7	53.20	113.40	20.70	48.5	710.0	10.8	6151	20.2	23.90	0.9
L-X-19	60.53	18.7	-32.7	0.4		5.7	51.90	131.40	22.80	63.4	618.0	11.2	7277	28.3	29.00	1.2
L-X-18	56.53	19.4	-32.5	0.4	17.8	4.1	76.60	264.60	12.60	47.8	729.0	18.0	5037	26.8	33.50	1.9
L-X-17	52.93	1.4	-32.3	0.2		0.4	12.10	460.20	23.00	961.3	544.0	147.8	7420	434.2	11.40	7.2
L-X-16	43.93	11.9	-33.6	0.7	13.1	2.7	58.20	314.10	16.80	99.6	525.0	20.2	16882	140.2	25.70	2.3
L-X-14	40.53	1.6	-33.3	0.1	17.8	0.3	5.70	323.20	1.50	93.0	154.0	62.9	3641	320.4	6.90	6.6
L-X-11	36.41	1.6	-33.1	0.1	18.2	0.3	2.80	131.60	6.80	353.4	108.0	36.7	2534	185.2	9.80	7.7
L-X-09	34.06	9.4	-32.9	0.5	18.5	2.7	7.60	40.70	12.10	71.2	1208.0	46.2	3420	28.2	46.20	4.1
L-X-07	32.41	5.7	-32.5	0.4	20.6	1.0	2.40	34.30	4.00	64.2	475.0	49.6	1444	32.5	50.90	12.4
L-X-05	31.95	8.3	-32.9	0.5	17.2	3.2	8.40	38.00	14.40	71.8	1499.0	48.6	3204	22.4	40.60	3.1
L-X-03	29.98	8.1	-32.4	0.4	22.7	3.4	9.10	38.90	19.60	92.2	1265.0	38.7	4256	28.0	21.60	1.5
L-X-02	28.08	0.8	-32.4	0.1		1.0	4.30	62.30	3.50	54.9	577.0	59.7	5101	113.7	4.80	1.2
L-X-01	26.48	0.1	-31.2	0.0	13.1	0.2	2.00	148.30	4.00	333.3	78.9	42.4	906	104.9	6.60	8.3
L-L-12	26.45	0.7	-34.0	0.1	16.8	0.2	0.80	72.90	2.80	280.8	26.0	17.1	485	68.8	1.90	3.0
L-L-11	25.20	0.5	-33.5	0.0		0.3	1.90	105.80	4.40	275.9	96.7	39.5	570	50.2	3.60	3.4
L-L-10	23.20	0.9	-33.0	0.0		0.4	3.70	125.60	11.50	431.3	167.0	40.7	1405	73.8	4.30	2.4
L-L-09	20.50	0.3	-32.6	0.1	8.43	2.5	1.80	10.30	7.40	47.0	34.2	1.4	1447	12.9	3.50	0.3
L-L-08	19.10	0.3	-33.3	0.0		3.0	2.10	10.10	1.30	7.0	35.6	1.2	1050	7.6	1.70	0.1
L-L-07	15.70	1.0	-33.9	0.1	13.80	2.4	1.40	8.40	0.90	6.1	32.3	1.4	1252	11.5	1.80	0.2
L-L-06	13.60	1.3	-34.3	0.1		0.5	18.40	489.10	2.60	75.9	113.0	21.5	365	14.9	3.60	1.6
L-L-04	9.00	0.9	-34.7	0.0		0.8	21.10	379.50	5.60	111.1	177.0	22.7	478	13.2	3.40	1.0
L-L-03	6.70	0.7	-34.0	0.0		0.8	7.00	131.90	9.30	193.0	165.0	22.2	1357	39.3	5.20	1.6
L-L-01	0.0	0.1	-32.1	0.1	5.90	5.5	4.10	10.50	76.20	216.9	13.1	0.2	820	3.3	9.80	0.4

样品号	样品深度(m)	Cd		Cd-ef	Cu	Cu-ef	Zn	Zn-ef	Sc		V/Sc	Th/U	Re		Re/Mo×1000
L-X-54	140.11	0.1		1.4	17.9	0.3	28.3	0.90	10.5		18.5	0.3	0.353		14.7
L-X-52	132.61	0.7		9.4	464.0	8.8	101.0	3.86	14.2		107.8	0.1	0.803		26.2
L-X-51	128.71	0.6		19.5	35.4	1.5	39.7	3.30	5.5		65.5	0.3	0.005		0.7
L-X-50	125.91	0.5		11.1	25.0	0.7	31.0	1.70	6.4		262.8	0.5	0.083		5.1
L-X-48	121.91	0.2		4.5	15.1	0.5	31.4	1.90	6.8		570.9	0.4	0.164		10.5
L-X-47	119.21	0.1		2.6	94.9	4.5	16.4	1.50	4.3		376.0	0.5	0.054		4.7
L-X-46	114.61	0.2		9.6	12.4	0.7	14.6	1.50	4.4		467.1	0.3	0.137		6.1
L-X-44	111.11	0.1		4.8	10.5	0.5	13.6	1.20	5.4		47.5	0.4	0.021		0.7
L-X-41	105.81	0.1		1.6	7.4	0.3	23.7	1.80	7.2		48.6	0.3	0.041		0.7
L-X-39	102.76	0.1		2.8	9.5	0.4	20.0	1.50	5.1		53.7	0.3	0.013		0.3
L-X-38	99.21	0.1		1.0	20.3	0.7	35.0	2.20	7.1		293.0	0.3	0.088		1.6
L-X-36	95.36	0.3		10.6	175.0	7.8	31.5	2.60	5.6		305.0	0.2	0.149		4.7
L-X-34	92.15	0.3		7.9	18.3	0.7	13.0	1.00	5.7		431.6	0.3	0.235		2.4
L-X-32	88.95	0.2		6.6	83.1	4.3	17.7	1.70	6.9		312.8	0.2	0.211		1.6
L-X-31	86.15	0.5		8.7	79.5	1.9	30.0	1.40	11.6		70.5	0.3	0.009		0.7
L-X-29	82.35	0.2		1.8	44.6	0.7	56.8	1.60	13.4		13.1	1.0	0.009		0.9
L-X-28	78.55	0.2		1.5	15.0	0.2	86.2	1.90	18.5		4.5	3.5	0.021		8.2
L-X-26	72.75	0.2		1.9	16.7	0.3	83.0	2.40	14.9		8.9	3.1	0.027		39.1
L-X-24	68.35	0.2		1.8	18.6	0.3	83.6	2.50	18.3		4.5	3.3	0.005		5.8
L-X-23	64.75	0.2		2.9	25.2	0.6	46.1	2.10	6.7		25.8	1.2	0.009		1.1
L-X-21	62.73	0.2		3.9	10.6	0.3	23.2	1.20	8.2		86.5	0.3	0.053		1.0
L-X-19	60.50	0.3		7.3	13.3	0.5	20.4	1.30	6.7		91.8	0.3	0.055		1.1
L-X-18	56.53	0.1		3.5	12.1	0.6	11.1	1.00	2.7		266.1	0.3	0.094		1.2
L-X-17	52.93	5.1		1935.8	63.8	32.4	160.0	152.10	0.9		635.5	0.1	0.094		7.8
L-X-16	43.93	0.2		13.0	27.1	2.0	47.9	6.50	3.7		140.4	0.2	0.057		1.0
L-X-14	40.53	0.1		81.2	39.5	30.1	11.3	16.20	0.3		532.9	0.2	0.030		5.3
L-X-11	36.41	3.5		1662.8	39.1	24.8	62.4	74.10	0.4		244.3	0.1	0.047		17.0
L-X-09	34.06	0.2		11.3	105.0	7.5	20.7	2.80	3.0		408.1	0.2	0.020		2.6
L-X-07	32.41	1.6		236.6	52.9	10.3	100.0	36.50	1.1		443.9	0.2	0.006		2.6
L-X-05	31.95	0.5		21.9	41.7	2.5	39.3	4.50	2.8		543.1	0.2	0.027		3.2
L-X-03	29.98	0.1		4.9	287.0	16.4	26.2	2.80	4.1		310.8	0.2	0.063		6.9
L-X-02	28.08	0.2		27.1	51.3	9.9	10.7	3.90	0.8		726.7	0.3	0.040		9.3
L-X-01	26.48	0.1		3.8	15.5	15.6	36.2	68.10	0.7		111.1	0.1	--		--
L-L-12	26.45	0.1		120.9	46.6	57.3	8.9	20.60	0.3		85.3	0.1	0.007		8.9
L-L-11	25.20	0.1		60.6	30.6	23.3	14.6	20.90	0.5		202.3	0.1	0.003		1.6
L-L-10	23.20	0.3		93.5	47.7	21.7	15.0	12.80	1.0		173.4	0.1	0.014		3.8
L-L-09	20.50	0.8		48.2	9.1	0.7	26.0	3.80	3.0		11.6	0.3	0.003		1.7
L-L-08	19.10	--		--	9.41	0.6	6.3	0.80	3.8		9.4	2.3	0.004		1.9
L-L-07	15.70	0.1		3.3	5.5	0.4	5.6	0.80	2.6		12.5	2.6	0.003		2.1
L-L-06	13.60	0.2		48.9	18.6	6.6	8.7	5.80	0.7		156.7	0.2	0.034		1.9
L-L-04	9.00	0.2		26.8	14.3	3.4	6.6	3.00	1.6		114.2	0.1	0.020		1.0
L-L-03	6.70	0.2		29.0	37.3	9.4	17.6	8.30	1.2		135.3	0.1	0.031		4.4
L-L-01	0	4.4		114.2	14.1	0.5	142.0	9.20	10.5		1.3	0.1	0.025		6.2
注：微量元素含量单位为10^-6.

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(95)

Algeo, T.J., Lyons, T.W., 2006. Mo-Total Organic Carbon Covariation in Modern Anoxic Marine Environments: Implications for Analysis of Paleoredox and Paleohydrographic Conditions. Paleoceanography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 21: 1-23. doi: 10.1029/2004PA001112
Algeo, T.J., Tribovillard, N., 2009. Environmental Analysis of Paleoceanographic Systems Based on Molybdenum-Uranium Covariation. Chemical Geology, 268: 211-225. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.001
Algeo, T.J., Henderson, C.M., Tong, J.N., et al., 2013. Plankton and Productivity during the Permian-Triassic Boundary Crisis: An Analysis of Organic Carbon Fluxes. Global and Planetary Change, 105: 52-67. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.02.008
Anbar, A.D., Knoll, A.H., 2002. Proterozoic Ocean Chemistry and Evolution: A Bioinorganic Bridge. Science, 297: 1137-1142. doi: 10.1126/science.1069651
Berner, R.A., Raiswell, R., 1984. C/S Method for Distinguishing Fresh Water from Marine Sedimentary Rocks. Geology, 12: 365-368. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<365:CMFDFF>2.0.CO;2
Berner, R.A., 2009. Phanerozoic Atmospheric Oxygen: New Results Using the Geocarbsulf Model. American Journal of Science, 309: 603-606. doi: 10.2475/07.2009.03
Canfield, D.E., Poulton, S.W., Knoll, A.H., et al., 2008. Ferruginous Conditions Dominated Later Neoproterozoic Deep Water Chemistry. Science, 321: 949-952. doi: 10.1126/science.1154499
Canfield, D.E., Raiswell, R., Westrich, J.T., et al., 1986. The Use of Chromium Reduction in the Analysis of Reduced Inorganic Sulfur in Sediments and Shales. Chemical Geology, 54: 149-155. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(86)90078-1
Canfield, D.E., Teske, A., 1996. Late Proterozoic Rise in Atmospheric Oxygen Concentration Inferred from Phylogenetic and Sulphur Isotope Studies. Nature, 382: 127-132. doi: 10.1038/382127a0
Cao, C.Q., Love, G.D., Hays, L.E., et al., 2009. Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281: 188-201. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012
Chang, H.J., Chu, X.L., Feng, L.J., et al., 2009. Terminal Ediacaran Anoxia in Deep Ocean: Trace Element Evidence from Cherts of the Liuchapo Formation, South China. Science in China (Series D), 52: 807-822. doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0070-7
Chang, H.J., Chu, X.L., Feng, L.J., et al., 2009. Framboidal Pyrites in Cherts of the Laobao Formation, South China: Evidence for Anoxic Deep Ocean in the Terminal Ediacaran. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25(4): 1001-1007(in Chinese with English abstract). http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/ysxb98200904024
Chang, H.J., Chu, X.L., Feng, L.J., et al., 2010. Iron Speciation in Cherts from the Laobao Formation. Chinese Science Bulletin, 55: 3189-3196. doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4006-6
Chang, H.J., Chu, X.L., Feng, L.J., et al., 2012. Progressive Oxidation of Anoxic and Ferruginous Deep Water during Deposition of the Terminal Ediacaran Laobao Formation in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 321: 80-87. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.019
Chen, D.Z., Wang, J.G., Qing, H.R., et al., 2009. Hydrothermal Venting Activities in the Early Cambrian, South China: Petrological, Geochronological and Stable Isotopic Constraints. Chemical Geology, 258: 168-181. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.016
Cremonese, L., Shields-Zhou, G.A., Struck, U., et al., 2013. Marine Biogeochemical Cycling during the Early Cambrian Constrained by a Nitrogen and Organic Carbon Isotope Study of the Xiaotan Section, South China. Precambrian Research, 225: 148-165. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.12.004
Deng, Y.N., Guo, Q.J., Zhu, M.Y., et al., 2014. REE Geochemistry of Kerogen from Early Cambrian Black Rock Series in Western Hunan. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 39(3): 283-292. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2014.027
Grice, K., Cao, C.Q., Love, G.D., et al., 2005. Photic Zone Euxinia during the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event. Science, 307: 706-709. doi: 10.1126/science.1104323
Galimov, E.M., 2004. The Pattern of δ¹³C_org versus HI/OI Relation in Recent Sediments as an Indicator of Geochemical Regime in Marine Basins: Comparison of the Black Sea, Kara Sea, and Cariaco Trench. Chemical Geology, 204: 287-301. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.014
Goldberg, T., Strauss, H., Guo, Q.J., et al., 2007. Reconstructing Marine Redox Conditions for the Early Cambrian Yangtze Platform: Evidence from Biogenic Sulphur and Organic Carbon Isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 175-193. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.015
Gong, C., Hollander, D. J, . 1997. Differential Contribution of Bacteria to Sedimentary Organic Matter in Oxic and Anoxic Environments, Santa Monica Basin, California. Organic Geochemistry, 26: 545-563. doi: 10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00018-1
Guo, Q.J., Shields, G.A., Liu, C.Q., et al., 2007a. Trace Element Chemostratigraphy of Two Ediacaran-Cambrian Successions in South China: Implications for Organosedimentary Metal Enrichment and Silicification in the Early Cambrian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 194-216. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.016
Guo, Q.J., Strauss, H., Liu, C.Q., et al., 2007b. Carbon Isotopic Evolution of the Terminal Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian: Evidence from the Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 140-157. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.014
Guo, Q.J., Strauss, H., Zhu, M.Y., et al., 2013. High Resolution Organic Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy from a Slope to Basinal Setting on the Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. Precambrian Research, 225: 209-217. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.003
Ishikawa, T., Ueno, Y., Komiya, T., et al., 2008. Carbon Isotope Chemostratigraphy of a Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary Section in the Three Gorges Area, South China: Prominent Global Scale Isotope Excursions just before the Cambrian Explosion. Gondwana Research, 14: 193-208. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2007.10.008
Jiang, G.Q., Wang, X.Q., Shi, X.Y., et al., 2012. The Origin of Decoupled Carbonate and Organic Carbon Isotope Signatures in the Early Cambrian (ca. 542-520Ma) Yangtze Platform. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 317-318: 96-110. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.018
Jiang, S.Y., Pi, D.H., Heubeck, C., et al., 2009. Early Cambrian Ocean Anoxia in South China. Nature, 459: E5-E6. doi: 10.1038/nature08048
Johnston, D.T., Poulton, S.W., Dehler, C., et al., 2010. An Emerging Picture of Neoproterozoic Ocean Chemistry, Insights from the Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 290: 64-73. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.059
Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Runnegar, B., et al., 2012. Chronology of Early Cambrian Biomineralization. Geological Magazine, 149: 221-251. doi: 10.1017/S0016756811000720
Kimura, H., Watanabe, Y., 2001. Oceanic Anoxia at the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary. Geology, 29: 995-998. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0995:OAATPC>2.0.CO;2
Kump, L.R., Junium, C., Arthur, M.A., et al., 2011. Isotopic Evidence for Massive Oxidation of Organic Matter Following the Great Oxidation Event. Science, 334: 1694-1696. doi: 10.1126/science.1213999
Lehmann, M.F., Bernasconi, S.M., Barbieri, A., et al., 2002. Preservation of Organic Matter and Alteration of Its Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Composition during Simulated and In-Situ Early Sedimentary Diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66: 3573-3584. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00968-7
Li, C., Love, G.D., Lyons, T.W., et al., 2010. A Stratified Redox Model for the Ediacaran Ocean. Science, 328: 80-83. doi: 10.1126/science.1182369
Li, D., Ling, H.F., Jiang, S.Y., et al., 2009. New Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of the Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary Interval from SW China: Implications for Global Correlation. Geological Magazine, 146: 465-484. doi: 10.1017/S0016756809006268
Li, D., Ling, H.F., Shields-Zhou, G.A., et al., 2013. Carbon and Strontium Isotope Evolution of Seawater across the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition: Evidence from the Xiaotan Section, NE Yunnan, South China. Precambrian Research, 225: 128-147. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2012.01.002
Li, G.X., Steiner, M., Zhu, X., et al., 2007. Early Cambrian Metazoan Fossil Record of South China: Generic Diversity and Radiation Patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 229-249. doi: 10.1016/j.palaco.2007.03.017
Luo, H.L., Jiang, Z.W., Wu, X.C., 1984. Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Stratotype Section at Meishucun, Jinning, Yunnan, China. Yunnan People's Publishing House, Kunming(in Chinese).
März, C., Poulton, S.W., Beckmann, B., et al., 2008. Redox Sensitivity of P Cycling during Marine Black Shale Formation: Dynamics of Sulfidic and Anoxic, Non-Sulfidic Bottom Waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72: 3703-3717. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.04.025
Marshall, C.R., 2006. Explaining the Cambrian "Explosion" of Animals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 34: 355-384. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001
Morford, J.L., Martin, W.R., Carney, C.M., 2012. Rhenium Geochemical Cycling: Insights from Continental Margins. Chemical Geology, 324: 73-86. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.014
Muńoz, P., Dezileau, L., Lange, C., et al., 2012. Evaluation of Sediment Trace Metal Records as Paleoproductivity and Paleoxygenation Proxies in the Upwelling Center off Concepcion, Chile (36°S). Progress in Oceanography, 92-95: 66-80. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.07.010
Och, L., Shields-Zhou, G.A., Poulton, S.W., et al., 2013. Redox Changes in Early Cambrian Black Shales at Xiaotan Section, Yunnan Province, South China. Precambrian Research, 225: 166-189. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.10.005
Ogg, J.G., Ogg, G., Gradstein, F.M., 2008. The Concise Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 177.
Pang, W.H., Ding, X.Z., Gao, L.Z., et al., 2011. Characteristics of Sequence Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironmental Evolution of Lower Cambrian Strata in Hunan Province. Geology in China, 38(3): 560-576(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/289077887_Characteristics_of_Sequence_Stratigraphy_and_Plaeoenvironmental_Evolution_of_Lower_Cambrian_strata_in_Hunan_Province
Peng, S.C., 2009. The Newly-Developed Cambrian Biostratigraphic Succession and Chronostratigraphic Scheme for South China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54(18): 2691-2698(in Chinese). doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0667-4
Peng, S.C., Babcock, L.E., 2011. Continuing Progress on Chronostratigraphic Subdivision of the Cambrian System. Bulletin Geoscience, 86: 391-396. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1273
Pi, D.H., Liu, C.Q., Shields-Zhou, G.A., et al., 2013. Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Black Shale and Kerogen in the Early Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Guizhou Province, South China: Constraints for Redox Environments and Origin of Metal Enrichments. Precambrian Research, 225: 218-229. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2011.07.004
Piper, D.Z., Calvert, S.E., 2009. A Marine Biogeochemical Perspective on Black Shale Deposition. Earth-Science Reviews, 95: 63-96. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.03.001
Planavsky, N.J., Rouxel, O.J., Bekker, A.L., et al., 2010. The Evolution of the Marine Phosphate Reservoir. Nature, 467: 1088-1090. doi: 10.1038/nature09485
Planavsky, N.J., McGoldrick, P., Scott, C.T., et al., 2011. Widespread Iron-Rich Conditions in the Mid-Proterozoic Ocean. Nature, 477: 448-451. doi: 10.1038/nature10327
Qian, Y., Yin, G.Z., 1984. Small Shelly Fossils from the Lowest Cambrian in Guizhou. In: Hao, Y.C., ed., Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Proceedings. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 91-123 (in Chinese).
Qian, Y., Zhu, M.Y., Li, G.X., et al., 2002. A Supplemental Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary Global Stratotype Section in SW China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 41(1): 19-26(in Chinese with English abstract). http://europepmc.org/abstract/cba/368400
Raiswell, R., Berner, R.A., 1985. Pyrite Formation in Euxinic and Semi-Euxinic Sediments. American Journal of Science, 285: 710-724. doi: 10.2475/ajs.285.8.710
Riquier, L., Tribovillard, N., Averbuch, O., et al., 2006. The Late Frasnian Kellwasser Horizons of the Harz Mountains (Germany): Two Oxygen Deficient Periods Resulting from Different Mechanisms. Chemical Geology, 233: 137-155. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.021
Ross, D.J.K., Bustin, R.M., 2009. Investigating the Use of Sedimentary Geochemical Proxies for Paleoenvironment Interpretation of Thermally Mature Organic-Rich Strata: Examples from the Devonian-Mississippian Shales, Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Chemical Geology, 260: 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.027
Saltzman, M.R., 2005. Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and the Redox Evolution of the Paleozoic Oceans. Geology, 33: 573-576. doi: 10.1130/G21535.1
Sepúlveda, J., Wendler, J.E., Summons, R.E., et al., 2009. Rapid Resurgence of Marine Productivity after the Cretaceous-Paleogene Mass Extinction. Science, 326: 129-132. doi: 10.1126/science.1176233
Shen, S.Z., Crowley, J.L., Wang, Y., et al., 2011. Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction. Science, 334: 1367-1372. doi: 10.1126/science.1213454
Shen, Y.A., Schidlowski, M., 2000. New C Isotope Stratigraphy from Southwest China, Implications for the Placement of the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary on the Yangtze Platform and Global Correlations. Geology, 28: 623-626. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<623:NCISFS>2.0.CO;2
Shu, D.G., 2009. Cambrian Explosion: Formation of Tree of Animals. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment, 31(2): 111-134(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shu, D.G., Zhang, X.L., Han, J., et al., 2009. Restudy of Cambrian Explosion and Formation of Animal Tree. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48(3): 414-427(in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/292288445_Restudy_of_Cambrian_explosion_and_formation_of_animal_tree
Sperling, E.A., Frieder, C.A., Raman, A.V., 2013. Oxygen, Ecology, and the Cambrian Radiation of Animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110: 13446-13451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312778110
Steiner, M., Li, G.X., Qian, Y., et al., 2007. Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossil Assemblages and a Revised Biostratigraphic Correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 254: 67-99. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.046
Steiner, M., Wallis, E., Erdtmann, B.D., et al., 2001. Submarine Hydrothermal Exhalative Ore Layers in Black Shales from South China and Associated Fossils Insights into a Lower Cambrian Facies and Bio-Evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 169: 165-191. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00208-5
Strauss, H., 1997. The Isotopic Composition of Sedimentary Sulfur through Time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 132: 97-118. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00067-9
Strauss, H., 1999. Geological Evolution from Isotope Proxy Signals—Sulfur. Chemical Geology, 161: 89-101. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00082-0
Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T.J., Lyons, T., et al., 2006. Trace Metals as Paleoredox and Paleoproductivity Proxies: An Update. Chemical Geology, 232: 12-32. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012
Wang, J.G., Chen, D.Z., Yan, D.T., et al., 2012a. Evolution from an Anoxic to Oxic Deep Ocean during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition and Implications for Bioradiation. Chemical Geology, 306: 129-138. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.005
Wang, X.Q., Shi, X.Y., Jiang, G.Q., et al., 2012b. New U-Pb Age from the Basal Niutitang Formation in South China: Implications for Diachronous Development and Condensation of Stratigraphic Units across the Yangtze Platform at the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 48: 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.023
Wen, H.J., Carignan, J., Zhang, Y., et al., 2011. Molybdenum Isotopic Records across the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary. Geology, 39: 775-778. doi: 10.1130/G32055.1
Wille, M., Nagler, T.F., Lehmann, B., et al., 2008. Hydrogen Sulphide Release to Surface Waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary. Nature, 453: 767-769. doi: 10.1038/nature07072
Xiang, L., Cai, C.F., He, X.Y., et al., 2012. The Mechanisms for the Enrichment of Trace Elements in the Lower Cambrian Black Chert Successions from Zhalagou Section, Guizhou Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28(3): 971 -980 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201203026.htm
Xiang, L.W., Zhu, Z.L., 1999. Stratigrphy of China: Cambrian. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
Xiong, Z.F., Li, T.G., Algeo, T., et al., 2012. Paleoproductivity and Paleoredox Conditions during Late Pleistocene Accumulation of Laminated Diatom Mats in the Tropical West Pacific. Chemical Geology, 334: 77-91. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.09.044
Yang, J., Xu, S.Q., 1997. The Second-Order Sequence Division and Sea Level Fluctuation in Cambrian on the Border of Sichuan, Guizhou and Hunan. Earth Science—Journal of China University of Geosciences, 22(5): 466-470. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQKX705.003.htm
Zachos, J.C., Rohl, U., Schellenberg, S.A., et al., 2005. Rapid Acidification of the Ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science, 308: 1611-1615. doi: 10.1126/science.1109004
Zhang, T.G., Trela, W., Jiang, S.Y., et al., 2011. Major Oceanic Redox Condition Change Correlated with the Rebound of Marine Animal Diversity during the Late Ordovician. Geology, 39: 675-678. doi: 10.1130/G32020.1
Zhang, X.L., Shu, D.G., Han, J., et al., 2014. Triggers for the Cambrian Explosion: Hypotheses and Problems. Gondwana Research, 25: 896-909. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.06.001
Zhou, C.M., Zhang, J.M., Li, G.X., et al., 1997. Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Record of the Early Cambrian from the Xiaotan Section, Yunnan, South China. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 32(2): 201-211 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/308344843_Carbon_and_Oxygen_Isotopic_Record_of_the_Early_Cambrian_from_the_Xiaotan_Section_Yunnan_South_China
Zhu. M.Y., 2010. The Origin and Cambrian Explosion of Animals: Fossil Evidences from China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 49(3): 269-287 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX201003000.htm
Zhu, M.Y., Zhang, J., Steiner, M., et al., 2003. Sinian and Early Cambrian Stratigraphic Frameworks from Shallow to Deep Water Facies of the Yangtze Platform, an Integrated Approach. Progress in Natural Science, 13(12): 951-960. doi: 10.1080/10020070312331344710
常华进, 储雪蕾, 冯连君, 等, 2009. 华南老堡组硅质岩中草莓状黄铁矿-埃迪卡拉纪末期深海缺氧的证据. 岩石学报, 25(4): 1001-1007. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200904024.htm
邓义楠, 郭庆军, 朱茂炎, 等, 2014. 湘西寒武纪早期黑色岩系中干酪根的稀土元素地球化学特征. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 39(3): 283-292. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX201403004.htm
罗惠麟, 蒋志文, 武希彻, 1984. 中国云南晋宁梅树村震旦系-寒武系界线层型剖面. 昆明: 云南人民出版社.
庞维华, 丁孝忠, 高林志, 等, 2011. 湖南下寒武统层序地层特征与古环境演化变迁. 中国地质. 38(3): 560-576. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DIZI201103005.htm
彭善池, 2009. 华南新的寒武纪生物地层序列和年代地层系统. 科学通报, 54(18): 2691-2698. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB200918010.htm
钱逸, 尹恭正, 1984. 贵州早寒武世早期小壳动物化石的研究. 见: 郝诒纯主编, 地层古生物论文集. 北京: 地质出版社, 91-123.
钱逸, 朱茂炎, 李国祥, 等, 2002. 华中西南区一条国际前寒武系与寒武系界线层型补充剖面. 古生物学报, 41(1): 19-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-6616.2002.01.004
舒德干, 2009. 寒武纪大爆发与动物树的成型. 地球科学与环境学报, 31(2): 111-134. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XAGX200902003.htm
舒德干, 张兴亮, 韩健, 等, 2009. 再论寒武纪大爆发与动物树成型. 古生物学报, 48(3): 414-427. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-6616.2009.03.013
向雷, 蔡春芳, 贺训云, 等, 2012. 贵州渣拉沟剖面下寒武统黑色硅质岩微量元素富集机制. 岩石学报, 28(3): 971-980. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB201203026.htm
项礼文, 朱兆玲, 1999. 中国地层典-寒武系分册. 北京: 地质出版社.
杨家, 徐世球, 1997. 川黔湘交境寒武纪二级层序的划分及海平面变化. 地球科学——中国地质大学学报, 22(5): 466-470. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQKX705.003.htm
周传明, 张俊明, 李国祥, 等, 1997. 云南永善肖滩早寒武世早期碳氧同位素记录. 地质科学, 32(2): 201-211. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX702.008.htm
朱茂炎, 2010. 动物的起源和寒武纪大爆发: 来自中国的化石证据. 古生物学报, 49(3): 269-287. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX201003000.htm