莺歌海盆地LD区块地层超压对储层成岩作用的影响及其地质意义

段威; 罗程飞; 刘建章; 田金强; 吕波; 丁亮

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2015.136

莺歌海盆地LD区块地层超压对储层成岩作用的影响及其地质意义

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2015.136

段威^{1, 2,},
罗程飞³,
刘建章^{1, 2, ,},
田金强^{1, 2},
吕波³,
丁亮^{1, 2}

1.
中国地质大学构造与油气资源教育部重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430074
2.
中国地质大学资源学院, 湖北武汉 430074
3.
中海油能源发展股份有限公司工程技术湛江分公司, 广东湛江 524057

基金项目:

国家"十二·五"科技重大专项项目 2011ZX05023-006-07

国家自然科学基金项目 41002039

"构造与油气资源"教育部重点实验室开放基金项目 TPR-2013-09

中国地质大学(武汉)中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目 1410491T04

详细信息

作者简介:
段威(1986-), 男, 博士研究生, 主要从事石油地质学、储层地质学方面的研究工作.E-mail: 376033374@qq.com

通讯作者:
刘建章, E-mail: 276283737@qq.com

中图分类号: P618.13
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2015-04-05
- 刊出日期: 2015-09-15

Effect of Overpressure Formation on Reservoir Diagenesis and Its Geological Significance to LD Block of Yinggehai Basin

Duan Wei^{1, 2
,},
Luo Chengfei³,
Liu Jianzhang^{1, 2
, ,},
Tian Jinqiang^{1, 2},
Lü Bo³,
Ding Liang^{1, 2}

1.
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of the Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
2.
Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
3.
Zhanjiang Branch, CNOOC EnerTech-Drilling & Production Co., Zhanjiang 524057, China

摘要

摘要: 莺歌海盆地异常地层压力的分布状况、异常地层压力条件下的流-岩相互作用以及其对储层成岩演化影响方面的研究尚未展开, 综合应用岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、稳定同位素分析、流体包裹体均一温度测试等技术, 系统分析了莺歌海盆地LD区现今压力分布特征、超压环境下储层成岩作用特征及超压流体活动对储层成岩演化的影响.结果表明: (1)地层超压驱动深层热流体向上释放, 富含碳酸盐类离子成分的热流体运移到超压顶界面附近时由于温压条件变化而重新沉淀, 形成高含量的碳酸盐胶结物致密层; (2)地层超压通过抑制粘土矿物的转化来减少碳酸盐胶结物的生成和石英次生加大, 使原生孔隙得以有效保存; (3)LD区块储层普遍富含CO₂, 在超压环境下CO₂在流体中溶解度增大, 会大量生成H⁺; 另外一方面, 超压增加了LD区块有机酸的释放空间和时间, 促进溶蚀作用的产生.由此可知, 造成研究区中深部超压储层具有较高的孔隙度的主要因素为超压抑制了胶结物的生成, 其次为超压降低了机械压实作用及促进了次生孔隙的发育.
- 莺歌海盆地 /
- LD区块 /
- 地层超压 /
- 流体 /
- 成岩作用 /
- 石油地质 /
- 地层学
Abstract: As to the Yinggehai basin, there is much room for further studies on the following issues including the distribution of abnormal pressure, the interaction of fluid and rock under the condition of abnormal pressure and the effect on diagenetic evolution. A systematic analysis on the distribution of overpressure, the effect on geological fluid activities and diagenetic evolution in Yinggehai basin is carried out by means of microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, isotope analysis and fluid inclusion homogenization temperature measurement based on the previous studies.The results show follows: (1) Overpressure drives the deep thermal fluid to release up. The thermal fluid which contains carbonate minerals is driven to the top interface of the overpressure and then deposits again with the changing pressure and temperature. The thermal fluid forms tight plugged zone of carbonate cementation with high content. (2) The overpressure reduces the material sources of carbonate cements and quartz secondary enlargement by inhibiting the transformation of clay minerals, so that the primary pores can be effectively preserved. (3) The reservoirs in LD block generally contain high content of CO₂. In condition of overpressure, the solubility of CO₂ in the fluid increases, which generates a large number of H⁺. On the other hand, overpressure increases the space and time for the release of organic acids in LD block and promotes the dissolution. It is concluded that the main reason for the high porosity in middle-deep overpressure reservoir of study area is that the overpressure constrains the forming of carbonate cement, and the other reason is that the decrease of compaction and the promotion of secondary pores.
- Yinggehai basin /
- LD block /
- overpressure formation /
- fluid /
- diagenesis /
- petroleum geology /
- stratigraphy

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图 1 莺歌海盆地构造单元

据谢玉洪等(2012)

Fig. 1. Structural units of Yinggehai basin

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图 2 莺歌海盆地地层综合柱状图

据裴健翔等(2011)

Fig. 2. Comprehensive stratigraphic column in Yinggehai basin

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图 3 莺歌海盆地LD区块超压顶界面深度连井对比剖面

Fig. 3. Contrasting profile of depth of overpressure boundary in LD block of Yinggehai basin

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图 4 莺歌海盆地超压顶界面深度等值线

Fig. 4. The depth contour of overpressure boundary in the Yinggehai basin

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图 5 研究区与LT区块相近深度压实作用镜下对比

a.LD21A井，2 097.00 m(超压环境)，单偏光，压实作用弱，颗粒接触关系为点接触(A)，偶见铁方解石(E)，溶蚀作用强烈，泥质(D)呈杂基状分布，孔隙较好；b.LT1A井，2 105.00 m(常压环境)，单偏光，压实作用较强，颗粒接触关系为线接触(A)，云母被压弯压碎(B)，刚性颗粒部分见压裂现象(C)，溶蚀作用弱，泥质(D)呈杂基状分布，孔隙差；c.LD30A井，3 427.68 m(超压环境)，单偏光，压实作用较弱，颗粒接触关系为线-点接触(A)，长条状云母(B)保存较好，溶蚀作用强烈，孔隙较好；d.LT33A井，3 486.82 m(常压环境)，单偏光，压实作用强烈，颗粒接触关系为凹凸-线接触(A)，云母被压弯压碎(B)，刚性颗粒部分见压裂现象(C)，溶蚀作用弱，泥质(D)呈杂基状分布，孔隙差

Fig. 5. Comparison of compaction at the near depth in study area and LT block

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图 6 研究区及附近主要胶结物镜下对比图片

a.LD30A井，3 250.44 m(超压顶界面)，铁方解石(A)丰富，胶结交代碎屑颗粒，有孔虫生屑(B)体腔多被铁方解石充填，偶见石英加大现象(C)，溶蚀作用弱，孔隙不发育；b.LD15A井，2 030.00 m(超压顶界面)，菱铁矿(I)丰富，胶结交代碎屑颗粒，局部富集成斑块状或条带状产出，偶见石英加大现象(C)，溶蚀作用弱，孔隙不发育；c.LD15A井，2 340.78 m(超压环境)，压实作用弱，颗粒接触关系为游离-点接触，白云石(G)零星分布，溶蚀作用强烈，碎屑颗粒发生不同程度溶蚀，长石溶蚀形成大量铸模孔(E)，孔隙好；d.LT26A井，2 404.00 m(常压环境)，压实作用较强，颗粒接触关系为线接触，大量铁方解石(A)胶结交代，溶蚀弱，少量长石形成粒内溶孔(D)，孔隙差；e.LD30A井，3 261.11 m(超压环境)，压实作用较弱，长条状云母(H)保存完整，少量白云石(G)，溶蚀作用强烈，碎屑颗粒大多形成粒内溶孔(D)，长石溶蚀形成大量铸模孔(E)，孔隙好；f.LT33A井，3 487.78 m(常压环境)，压实作用强烈，颗粒接触关系为线-凹凸接触，大量粉、细晶白云石(G)胶结交代颗粒，溶蚀作用弱，石英普遍加大(C)，孔隙差；g.LD30A井，3 699.00 m(超压环境)，扫描电镜，细-极细砂岩，毛发状伊利石和片状绿泥石垂直于颗粒表面生长，使喉道变窄；h.LD30A井，3 422.17 m(超压环境)，扫描电镜，细-极细砂岩，孔隙发育好，颗粒溶蚀严重，部分颗粒形成粒内溶孔；i.LD30A井，3 438.66 m(超压环境)，扫描电镜，细-极细砂岩，孔隙发育好，溶蚀现象显著，片状喉道连通

Fig. 6. Main cement types in study area and nearby

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图 7 研究区及附近碳酸盐含量与深度之间的关系(a, b)以及碳酸盐胶结物含量与压力系数之间的关系(c)

Fig. 7. Correlation between carbonate content and depth (a, b), the content of carbonate cement and pressure coefficient (c) in the study area and nearby

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图 8 研究区及附近孔隙度和深度的关系

Fig. 8. Correlation between porosity and depth in the study area and nearby

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表 1 LD区块和LT区块砂岩岩石学特征主要参数对比

Table 1. The contrast of sandstone petrology characteristics in LD block and LT block

区块	层位	砂岩类型	杂基(%)	胶结物(%)	结构成熟度	成分成熟度	粒径(μm)	视孔隙(%)
LD	乐东组	含泥质细-极细粒长石石英砂岩	17(6.1~22.6)	8.6(3.6~14.3)	较低、低	7.6(4.2~13.5)	84.4(54.1~174.3)	19.9(11.6~24.6)
	莺歌海组	含泥质细-极细粒岩屑石英砂岩	11(5.3~22.3)	6.6(2.1~11.7)	低、较低	7.1(4.6~14.6)	66.9(52.5~172.6)	23.6(10.8~26.2)
	黄流组	含泥质极细砂质岩屑石英砂岩	16(12.1~23.6)	3.4(1.3~6.7)	较低、低	5.9(4.3~13.8)	57.7(43.1~97.5)	15.8(9.5~18.1)
	梅山组	泥质极细砂质岩屑石英砂岩	24(18.0~40.1)	4(2.4~5.8)	极低、低	-	37(15.3~84.6)	12.8(4.9~15.4)
LT	乐东组	含泥质细-极细粒岩屑石英砂岩	12.3(6.5~18.0)	5.6(2.2~6.8)	中等、较低	6.1(4.6~12.3)	88(73.5~116.7)	20.7(8.5~23.8)
	莺歌海组	含泥质极细-细粒长石石英砂岩	12.7(7.0~20.1)	7.8(3.0~16.4)	中等、较低	6.2(3.9~13.1)	123(84.5~401.6)	17.4(9.0~22.0)
	黄流组	含泥质粗-中粒长石石英砂岩	16.7(6.8~34.4)	9.6(5.6~17.1)	较低、低	4.9(2.3~11.5)	373(87.6~666.9)	10.1(6.3~14.9)
	梅山组	含泥质中-粗粒长石石英砂岩	13.4(5.7~29.9)	8.3(4.7~12.8)	中等、较低	3.1(1.5~10.8)	601(105.6~1 437.5)	7.9(5.2~11.9)

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表 2 LD区块和LT区块砂岩层段孔隙类型定量分析及压实率对比

Table 2. The contrast of quantitative analysis and compaction rate to sandstone pore types in LD block and LT block

层位	原生孔(%)			原生孔比例(%)	次生孔(%)				次生孔比例(%)	面孔率(%)	压实率(%)
层位	原生粒间孔	生物体腔孔	杂基微孔	原生孔比例(%)	长石溶孔	粒间溶蚀孔	铸模孔+超大孔	其他溶蚀孔	次生孔比例(%)	面孔率(%)	压实率(%)
乐东组	14.3(8.9~17.3)	1(0.3~2.5)	2.1(1.6~3.2)	85.2(81.2~94.3)	0.4(0.1~0.8)	1.2(0.3~2.1)	0.2(0.1~0.5)	0.7(0.2~1.9)	14.8(5.7~18.8)	19.9(11.6~24.6)	0.43(0.38~0.59)
莺歌海组	15.4(7.8~17.3)	0.4(0.1~0.7)	0.5(0.3~2.0)	68.9(58.3~84.8)	2.2(0.8~2.9)	2.2(0.5~2.6)	2.1(0.9~3.4)	0.8(0.3~1.9)	31.1(15.2~41.7)	23.6(10.8~26.2)	0.45(0.44~0.62)
黄流组	10.8(8.0~11.5)	0.1(-)	0.1(-)	65.1(57.9~81.3)	1.5(0.4~3.2)	2.1(0.4~2.9)	0.4(0.2~0.6)	1.5(0.5~2.1)	34.9(18.7~42.1)	15.8(9.5~18.1)	0.67(0.55~0.77)
梅山组	7.5(3.3~9.8)	0.1(-)	0	57.9(49.5~76.7)	0.9(0.2~1.6)	2.5(0.5~3.7)	0	1.8(0.3~2.8)	40.3(33.3~50.5)	12.8(4.9~15.4)	0.71(0.61~0.81)
莺歌海组	13.7(7.9~15.7)	0	1.2(0.3~2.1)	85.6(83.5~92.2)	0.5(0.2~0.9)	1.5(0.2~2.4)	0.2(0.1~0.5)	0.3(0.1~0.5)	14.4(7.8~16.5)	17.4(7.8~16.5)	0.60(0.52~0.81)
黄流组	6.7(2.6~8.3)	0	0.5(0.1~1.0)	71.5(66.2~88.4)	1.7(0.6~2.7)	0.7(0.2~1.8)	0.2(0.1~0.4)	0.3(0.1~0.8)	28.5(11.6~33.8)	10.1(6.3~14.9)	0.76(0.66~0.90)
梅山组	5.4(3.8~7.4)	0	0.5(0.1~0.8)	73.7(64.1~90.7)	1.2(0.4~2.0)	0.5(0.1~0.9)	0.1(-)	0.2(0.1~0.6)	26.3(9.3~35.9)	7.9(5.2~11.9)	0.81(0.71~0.91)

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表 3 碳酸盐胶结物稳定同位素值及形成温度

Table 3. Stable isotope values of carbonate cement and formation temperature

井号	深度(m)	超压顶界面深度(m)	矿物	δ¹³C(‰，PDB)	δ¹⁸O(‰，PDB)	形成温度(℃)
LD15A	1 844.7	2 030	含铁白云石	-1.875	-7.820	92.2
LD15A	1 849.8	2 030	含铁白云石	-1.175	-8.383	96.6
LD15A	1 867.5	2 030	含铁白云石	-1.065	-7.916	92.9
LD15A	1 863.4	2 030	含铁白云石	-0.974	-7.936	93.1
LD15A	1 863.8	2 030	含铁方解石	-0.860	-7.670	56.9
LD15A	2 235.1	2 030	含铁白云石	-1.100	-9.600	106.7
LD15A	2 244.9	2 030	含铁白云石	-1.200	-8.700	99.2
LD8A	1 652.0	1 700	含铁白云石	-2.700	-8.160	94.9
LD8A	1 654.0	1 700	含铁白云石	-2.960	-8.260	95.6
LD28A	1 633.5	1 650	含铁方解石	-1.820	-4.600	38.6
LD28A	1 641.0	1 650	含铁方解石	-2.080	-4.560	38.4
LD30A	3 258.4	3 250	含铁白云石	-2.880	-13.400	144.6
LD30A	3 422.6	3 250	方解石	-2.958	-11.412	84.5
注：温度分别按Keith and Weber(1964)的(铁)白云石公式和(铁)方解石公式进行计算.

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