Genetic Types and Geological Significances of Transverse Faults at Longmenshan Fault Zone
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摘要: 目前，对龙门山冲断带内横断层研究较为薄弱.在综合分析区域地质和地球物理资料的基础上，利用野外考察和构造物理模拟等方法，对龙门山冲断带横断层成因类型及地质意义进行了探析.研究表明：(1) 龙门山断裂带中北段主要发育6条横向断层，其中虎牙横断层为中段与北段的分界，卧龙-怀远横断层为中段与南段的分界；(2) 横向断层主要有3种成因类型：先存北西向断裂或薄弱带再活化、主断裂带差异逆冲产生的撕裂(调节)断层、X共轭剪切断层和横张断裂；(3) 横断层调节了冲断带各段构造活动性、构造变形强度等多方面的差异，其可以独立发震、使龙门山主断裂带分段发震、与主逆冲断裂联合发震、在主震发生后控制余震分布、引发余震等.Abstract: Study on transverse faults in the Longmenshan fault zone is inadequate so far. Based on the regional geology, gravity data, magnetic data, distribution of earthquake and velocity data, combined with field study and structural modeling, the genetic types and geological significances of transverse faults at the Longmenshan fault zone were studied. It is found that: (1) There are 6 transverse faults in the northern and central Longmenshan fault zone, namely, the Bailongjiang, Nanba, Huya, Qingping, Xiaoyudong and Wolong-Huaiyuan transverse faults, where Huya fault is the boundary between the northern and central Longmenshan fault zones, while the Wolong-Huaiyuan fault is between the southern and central Longmenshan fault zone; (2) Transverse faults mainly have three genetic types, they are the transfer faults resulted from the reaction of the pre-existing NW-trending faults or weak belts and the nonsynchronous movement of the thrust faults, X-type conjugate shear faults and transverse extensional faults; (3) Transverse faults cut the Longmenshan fault zone into several segments and transfer the differences of the stratum, the geomorphology, the movement intensity, width of the thrust belts, earthquake intensity and frequency of different segments, besides, transverse faults could be independent seismogenic faults which may trigger earthquakes with the Longmenshan major fault belts and restrict the spread of aftershocks.
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图 1 龙门山断裂带及邻区构造纲要
LMSF.龙门山断裂带；LRQF.龙日曲断裂；MEGF.毛尔盖断裂；MJF.岷江断裂；XF.鲜水河断裂；FBHF.抚边河断裂.两个红色五角星分别代表汶川地震和芦山地震震中的水平投影位置；蓝色虚线为长周期大地电磁侧线位置(图 3)；蓝色实线为地层速度剖面位置(图 5).NW向黑色短线为横断层：① 白龙江横断层；② 南坝横断层；③ 虎牙横断层南段；④ 清平横断层；⑤ 小鱼洞横断层；⑥ 卧龙-怀远横断层；⑦ 小金断裂；⑧ 天全-荥经断裂；⑨ 金坪断裂；活动断层数据来自Ren et al.(2013)
Fig. 1. Tectonic outline of the Longmenshan fault zone and adjacent area
图 3 龙门山断裂带横断层剖面识别
a.汶川地震2.0级以上余震剖面密度图(改自李志雄等，2009)；b.汶川地震同震位移(改自http://www.geol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~nisimura/20080512/.)；c.P波速度；d.S波速度(改自Pei et al., 2010)；e.超长周期大地电磁反演(改自徐权辉，2009)；图中距离的“0”值为汶川地震震中，正方向为北东向，负方向为南西向
Fig. 3. Section characteristics of transverse faults in the Longmenshan fault zone
图 5 横波速度异常剖面及卧龙-怀远横断层深部特征
改自中华人民共和国国土资源部网站(http://www.mlr.gov.cn/tdzt/zhfz/ysdz/dzzs/201005/t20100507_718111.htm)，剖面位置见图 1
Fig. 5. Section of s-wave velocity anomaly and deep structure of the Wolong-Huaiyuan fault
图 2 龙门山及邻区重力异常分布
重力异常数据引自http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi
Fig. 2. Gravity anomaly sketch of the Longmenshan fault zone and adjacent area
图 4 龙门山断裂带中北段北西向调节型横断层野外露头
a.GPS005点，镜头朝南西，白龙江南岸陡崖地貌，走向335°；b.GPS020点，镜头指向南东，NW走向右行走滑近直立断层面，其上可见水平擦痕和阶步；c.GPS025点，镜头指向北西，北西走向近直立断层摩擦镜面，可见水平擦痕；d.GPS026和GPS028平面位置图，红色虚线为清平断裂位置，棕色地层只是紫红色铁质粉砂岩标志层位置；e.GPS028点处，北东盘紫红色铁质粉砂岩位置，镜头指向北东方向；f.GPS026点西部约130 m处，断层南西盘地层为向斜，镜头指向南西方向；g.GPS036点，镜头指向NE，NW走向右行走滑近直立断层面，其上可见水平擦痕和阶步；h.GPS066点，镜头朝北西，一系列近直立断面，走向330°，倾角84°
Fig. 4. Outcrops of transfer faults in the Longmenshan fault zone
图 6 龙门山断裂带白龙江横断裂地貌
Fig. 6. Geomorphology of the Bailongjiang fault and its adjacent area
图 7 冲断带及横断层形成过程构造模拟实验
Fig. 7. Structural model of transverse faults in the Longmenshan fault zone
图 8 龙门山断裂带中北段调节断层分布
Fig. 8. Transfer faults of the northern and central Longmenshan fault zone
表 1 龙门山断裂带中北段横断层识别标志总结
Table 1. Identification characteristics of transverse faults in the Longmenshan fault zone
白龙江横断层 南坝横断层 虎牙横断层南段 清平横断层 小鱼洞横断层 卧龙-怀远横断层 重力异常(图 2) 重力负异常高值带 重力负异常高值带 重力负异常高值带 重力正负异常界线 重力正负异常界线 重力正负异常界线 余震分布(次)(图 3a) 余震密度及深度分界，北侧余震集中于10~20 km，频数约等于45，南侧余震集中于0~25 km，频数约为50 余震密度及深度分界，南侧频数皆低于30，深度明显低于北侧 余震密度高值区，两侧地层余震密度较低 余震深度分界，两侧地层余震分布深度相差近20 km 余震密度及深度分界，北侧频数多低于30，深度可达40 km，南侧频数多高于40，深度多小于30 km 余震南部边界 同震位移(m)(图 3b) 同震位移场北部边界 北侧同震位移的深度小于10 km，南侧大于15 km，且强度不同 南侧地层未活动，而北侧平均位移量约为2 m 南侧以逆冲运动为主，北侧以水平走滑运动为主 由南西向北东，经过该断裂处同震位移深度及强度小幅度减小 同震位移南部边界 P波速度(图 3c) 深部(大于15 km)为水平变化高梯度带，北侧大于6.5 km/s，南侧小于6.0 km/s 浅部(小于5 km)为波速水平变化高梯度带，北侧5.0~5.5 km/s，南侧5.5~6.0 km/s；深部(大于15 km)为异常高速带，波速高于两侧地层1 km/s以上 波速水平变化高梯度带，浅部南侧较低，深部南侧较高 无明显特征 波速水平变化高梯度带(5~20 km)，两侧波速差异约为0.5 km/s 浅部(小于5 km)水平变化高梯度带，南侧比北侧低1 km/s以上 S波速度(图 3d) 浅部(小于5 km)为水平变化高梯度带，北侧低于南侧约0.5 km/s 浅部(小于5 km)为低速带，低于两侧相邻地层约0.5 km/s 深部(大于15km)为水平变化高梯度带，南侧明显低于北侧 浅部(小于5km)为低速带，波速低于两侧地层；深部(大于15 km)为水平变化高梯度带，南侧高于北侧 水平方向变化高梯度带(5~25 km)，南侧地层速度较高 波速水平方向变化高梯度带(0~15 km)，两盘地层速度相差近1 km/s 电阻率(图 3e) 北侧地层电阻率沿水平面方向变化，南侧沿垂向变化，且南侧较低 高低阻分界线，南侧地层明显低于北侧，差值大于1Ω·m 高低阻分界线，南侧地层明显高于北侧，差值大于1Ω·m 浅部(0~7 km)低阻异常带 高阻带，电阻率明显高于两侧地层 高低阻分界线 
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