Dolomite Formation Facilitated by Three Halophilic Archaea
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摘要: 白云石成因问题是地质学上长期悬而未决的难题之一.近年来，微生物诱导白云石沉淀逐渐成为白云石成因的重要理论之一，但其中微生物的作用机理远未探明.现生白云石主要分布于高盐环境，该环境中的优势菌群为嗜盐菌，包括嗜盐细菌和嗜盐古菌.因而此次选取三株嗜盐古菌Natrinema sp.J7-1、Natrinema sp.J7-3和Natrinema sp.LJ7，研究其诱导白云石沉淀的能力，并对比不同细胞浓度对白云石沉淀的影响，以期更深入地了解微生物在白云石形成中的作用.通过X射线衍射 (XRD) 检测沉淀物的物相，利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 观察所得矿物形态，同时辅以能量色散谱分析 (EDS) 分析矿物的元素组成.实验结果表明三株嗜盐古菌皆可诱导球型、哑铃型、花椰菜型以及球形聚集体等白云石的形成，且在较高细胞浓度下诱导形成的矿物中白云石含量增多.分析表明细胞浓度的增加会导致细胞表面羧基含量的增加，从而为白云石的沉淀提供更多的成核位点，有利于Mg进入矿物晶格，从而诱导白云石沉淀，本结果进一步提高了对微生物白云石成因机理的认识.Abstract: The dolomite formation problem has been puzzling geologists for a long time. Recently, microbial mediation is becoming one leading theory for dolomite formation, though many details still remain poorly understood. The exclusive occurrence of modern dolomite in saline environments leads to the investigation of the role of halophiles in dolomite formation. In this study, we focus on the effect of salinity and cell concentrations on dolomite mineralization with three halophilic archaea, Natrinema sp.J7-1, Natrinema sp.J7-3 and Natrinema sp.LJ7. These halophilic archaea were collected and subject to the mineral phase identification, morphology observation and element analysis via X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDS). Results confirm that all the strains used are capable of facilitating the dolomite formation under higher salinity conditions, and the yields of dolomite increase with cell concentration. Morphologically, dolomite is of the shape of sphere, dumb-bell, cauliflower and conglobulation. It is proposed that high salinity and high cell density will result in the more carboxyl groups on cell surface which can serve as nucleation sites for dolomite formation, which is favorable for dolomite formation. The results offer more details about microbial role in dolomite formation and enhance our understanding about the mechanism.
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Key words:
- dolomite /
- halophile /
- cell concentration /
- salinity /
- mineralogy
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图 1 嗜盐古菌J7-1、J7-3、LJ7生长曲线
a，c，e分别为J7-1、J7-3和LJ7在200‰盐度下的生长曲线；b，d，f分别为J7-1、J7-3和LJ7在280‰盐度下的生长曲线
Fig. 1. Growth curves of halophilic archaea J7-1, J7-3 and LJ7
图 2 三株嗜盐古菌诱导形成的矿物的XRD图谱
①，③，⑤分别表示J7-1，J7-3，LJ7在200‰盐度下诱导形成的矿物XRD图谱；②，④，⑥分别表示J7-1，J7-3，LJ7在280‰盐度下诱导形成的矿物XRD图谱.x1~5分别表示沉淀体系中菌液浓度 (OD600) 为2.5，2.0，1.5，1.0和0；x为a，b，c，d，e，f.XRD图谱上标注的M.单水合方解石，A.文石，D.白云石
Fig. 2. XRD spectra of the precipitates induced by three halophilic archaeal strains
图 3 嗜盐古菌诱导形成的白云石的形态特征及元素组成
a.J7-1-200-2.5体系中哑铃型白云石；b.J7-1-280-2.5体系中球型白云石；c.LJ7-200-2.5体系中花椰菜型白云石；d.J7-1-200-2.5体系中聚集体型白云石
Fig. 3. Morphology and elemental composition of dolomite induced by halophilic archaea
表 1 嗜盐古菌沉淀白云石实验体系的组成
Table 1. The componentsof dolomite precipitation experiments with halophilic archaea
组分 200‰沉淀体系 280‰沉淀体系 细胞悬液 10.00 mL 10.00 mL 1.00 mol/L MgCl2 2.00 mL 2.00 mL 0.10 mol/L CaCl2 2.00 mL 2.00 mL 0.20 mol/L Na2CO3 2.00 mL 2.00 mL NaCl 1.75 g 2.55 g 超纯水 补至20.00 mL 补至20.00 mL 
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表 2 各沉淀体系中白云石特征峰的“d值”及2θ角
Table 2. The"d valve" and 2θ of dolomite diffraction peaks in experiments with halophilic archaea
沉淀体系 d104值 (A) 2θ值 (°) d113值 (A) 2θ值 (°) J7-1-200-2.5* 2.887 7 30.941 J7-1-280-2.5 2.891 1 30.905 2.191 5 41.156 J7-3-200-2.5 2.911 6 30.681 J7-3-280-1.5 2.893 4 30.879 2.191 0 41.167 J7-3-280-2.0 2.908 0 30.720 2.191 0 41.167 J7-3-280-2.5 2.893 4 30.879 2.193 0 41.130 LJ7-200-2.5 2.908 5 30.715 2.101 0 40.971 LJ7-280-1.5 2.897 8 30.831 2.199 0 41.009 LJ7-280-2.0 2.902 0 30.785 2.201 0 40.971 LJ7-280-2.5 2.897 8 30.831 2.200 9 40.972 注：*为J7-1-200-2.5：J7-1为菌株名称，200为沉淀体系的盐度 (‰)，2.5为细胞浓度 (OD600) 为2.5.
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