Deformation-DIA Coupled with Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Its Applications to Deformation Experiments of Minerals at High Temperature and High Pressure
-
摘要: 高温高压变形实验是研究地球深部组成矿物流变学性质的重要技术手段之一.D-DIA(deformation-DIA)装置是最近10年来兴起的一种新的高温高压变形实验设备,通常可实现的最高压力为15 GPa和温度约为2 000 K;而同步辐射X射线衍射已经广泛地应用到物质结构科学的研究中,二者相结合,能够有效原位地研究材料物质在高温高压下的流变学性质.以美国布鲁克海文国家实验室配合有同步辐射源的D-DIA装置为例,介绍该装置的基本结构、工作原理及D-DIA装置与X射线结合技术如何实现矿物高温高压下变形过程的原位观测及相关定量力学数据的获取.这一技术突破了传统流变仪的压力局限,为在更高压力(P>4 GPa)条件下研究地球深部组成物质的高温高压流变学性质提供了有效途径.Abstract: Deformation experiment at high temperature and high pressure is one of the important approaches to understand the rheological properties of minerals in the earth's deep interior. The deformation-DIA (D-DIA) is a newly developed apparatus for deformation experiments at high temperature and high pressure, which is typically capable of generating pressures up to 15 GPa and temperatures up to 2 000 K. The D-DIA coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction is mainly used for quantitative studies of rheological properties of materials under high temperature and high pressure. The configuration and operating principle of D-DIA apparatus installed at Brookhaven national lab in USA are summarized in this paper. The in-situ observation of deformation processes using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and mechanical data (e.g., stress, strain and strain rate) analysis are also discussed. This technical development provides an important opportunity to investigate rheological properties of high-pressure phases under the conditions in the earth's deep interior.
-
图 1 常见流变仪实验温压范围
地温线据Katsura et al.(2010);D-DIA.deformation-DIA装置;RDA.rotational Drickamer apparatus(旋转型Drickamer压砧);据Karato and Weidner(2008)和Kawazoe et al.(2010)修改
Fig. 1. Pressure-temperature conditions available in the high-pressure deformation apparatuses
图 2 DIA模具工作原理示意
Fig. 2. Conceptual diagram illustrating the principle of the DIA cubic anvil apparatus
表 1 D-DIA装置与同步辐射源结合技术在矿物(高温)高压变形实验中的应用实例
Table 1. Some applications in high-pressure deformation experiments of minerals by D-DIA apparatus coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction
衍射实验模式 实验矿物名称 实验温压条件 文献来源 角散衍射模式(ADD) 方镁石(periclase) 0.1<P<8.0 GPa,T=298 K Uchida et al., 2004 叶蛇纹石(antigorite) 1≤P≤ 4 GPa,473≤T≤923 K Hilairet et al., 2007;Auzende et al., 2015 利蛇纹石(lizardite) 1<P<8 GPa,423 ≤T≤ 673 K Amiguet et al., 2012 橄榄石(olivine) 2.8<P<7.8 GPa,1 153≤T≤1 670 K Hilairet et al., 2012 林伍德石(ringwoodite) 3.5<P<10.0 GPa,T=298 K Nishiyama et al., 2005;Wenk et al., 2005 ε相(hcp相)铁 7.0≤P≤7.5 GPa及P=17 GPa,300≤T≤600 K Nishiyama et al., 2007;Merkel et al., 2012 后钙钛矿相CaIrO3 2≤P≤6 GPa,300≤T≤1 300 K Miyagi et al., 2008 方镁石(periclase) 1.5≤P≤10.0 GPa,T=773 K及1 373≤T≤1 573 K Mei et al., 2008;Li et al., 2014a 能散衍射模式(EDD) 橄榄石(olivine) 2.7≤P≤9.6 GPa,298<T≤1 780 K Li et al., 2003;Li et al., 2006b;Durham et al., 2009;Raterron et al., 2009;Long et al., 2011;Li et al., 2014b;Nishihara et al., 2014;Bollinger et al., 2016 瓦兹利石(wadsleyite) P=14.5 GPa及P=17.6 GPa,1 700≤T≤1 900 K Kawazoe et al., 2011;Kawazoe et al., 2013 石榴子石(garnet) 1.6≤P≤6.8 GPa,1 073≤T≤1 573 K Li et al., 2006a;Mei et al., 2010;Xu et al., 2013 -
Amiguet, E., Reynard, B., Caracas, R., et al., 2012.Creep of Phyllosilicates at the Onset of Plate Tectonics.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 345-348:142-150.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.033 Auzende, A.L., Escartin, J., Walte, N.P., et al., 2015.Deformation Mechanisms of Antigorite Serpentinite at Subduction Zone Conditions Determined from Experimentally and Naturally Deformed Rocks.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 411:229-240.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.11.053 Bollinger, C., Raterron, P., Castelnau, O., et al., 2016.Textures in Deforming Forsterite Aggregates up to 8 GPa and 1 673 K.Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 43(6):409-417.doi: 10.1007/s00269-016-0805-x Borch, R.S., Green, H.W., 1987.Dependence of Creep in Olivine on Homologous Temperature and Its Implications for Flow in the Mantle.Nature, 330(6146):345-348.doi: 10.1038/330345a0 Bragg, L., 1942.A Theory of the Strength of Metals.Nature, 149(3784):511-513.doi: 10.1038/149511a0 Durham, W.B., Mei, S., Kohlstedt, D.L., et al., 2009.New Measurements of Activation Volume in Olivine under Anhydrous Conditions.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 172(1-2):67-73.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.045 Durham, W.B., Weidner, D.J., Karato, S.I., et al., 2002.New Developments in Deformation Experiments at High Pressure.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 51(1): 21-49. doi: 10.2138/gsrmg.51.1.21 Hearmon, R.F.S., 1956.The Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Materials—Ⅱ.Advances in Physics, 5(19):323-382.doi: 10.1080/00018732.1956.tadp0323 Hilairet, N., Reynard, B., Wang, Y., et al., 2007.High-Pressure Creep of Serpentine, Interseismic Deformation, and Initiation of Subduction.Science, 318(5858):1910-1913.doi: 10.1126/science.1148494 Hilairet, N., Wang, Y.B., Sanehira, T., et al., 2012.Deformation of Olivine under Mantle Conditions:An In Situ High-Pressure, High-Temperature Study Using Monochromatic Synchrotron Radiation.Journal of Geophysical Research(Solid Earth), 117(B1):251-258.doi: 10.1029/2011jb008498 Hirth, G., Kohlstedt, D.L., 1996.Water in the Oceanic Upper Mantle:Implications for Rheology, Melt Extraction and the Evolution of the Lithosphere.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 144(1-2):93-108.doi: 10.1016/0012-821x(96)00154-9 Jin, Z.M., 1988.Experimental Rock Deformation at High Temperature and Pressure and Its Implications in Geodynamics.Geological Science and Technology Information, 7(3):11-19 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ198803002.htm Jin, Z.M., 1997.The Progresses and Perspectives of High-T and High-P Experimental Study in China.Acta Geophysica Sinica, 40(Suppl.):70-81 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://manu39.magtech.com.cn/Geophy/EN/Y1997/V40/IS1/70 Karato, S.I., Weidner, D.J., 2008.Laboratory Studies of the Rheological Properties of Minerals under Deep-Mantle Conditions.Elements, 4(3):191-196.doi: 10.2113/GSELEMENTS.4.3.191 Karato, S.I., Wu, P., 1993.Rheology of the Upper Mantle:A Synthesis.Science, 260(5109):771-778.doi: 10.1126/science.260.5109.771 Katayama, I., Karato, S.I., 2008.Effects of Water and Iron Content on the Rheological Contrast between Garnet and Olivine.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 166(1-2):57-66.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2007.10.004 Katsura, T., Yoneda, A., Yamazaki, D., et al., 2010.Adiabatic Temperature Profile in the Mantle.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 183(1-2):212-218.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2010.07.001 Kawazoe, T., Nishihara, Y., Ohuchi, T., et al., 2011.In Situ Stress-Strain Measurements in a Deformation-DIA Apparatus at P-T Conditions of the Upper Part of the Mantle Transition Zone.American Mineralogist, 96(11-12):1665-1672.doi: 10.2138/am.2011.3818 Kawazoe, T., Nishiyama, N., Nishihara, Y., et al., 2010.Pressure Generation to 25 GPa Using a Cubic Anvil Apparatus with a Multi-Anvil 6-6 Assembly.High Pressure Research, 30(1):167-174.doi: 10.1080/08957950903503912 Kawazoe, T., Ohuchi, T., Nishihara, Y., et al., 2013.Seismic Anisotropy in the Mantle Transition Zone Induced by Shear Deformation of Wadsleyite.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 216:91-98.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2012.12.005 Li, L., Long, H.B., Raterron, P., et al., 2006a.Plastic Flow of Pyrope at Mantle Pressure and Temperature.American Mineralogist, 91(4):517-525.doi: 10.2138/am.2006.1913 Li, L., Weidner, D., Raterron, P., et al., 2006b.Deformation of Olivine at Mantle Pressure Using the D-DIA.European Journal of Mineralogy, 18(1):7-19.doi: 10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0007 Li, L., Raterron, P., Weidner, D., et al., 2003.Olivine Flow Mechanisms at 8 GPa.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 138(2):113-129.doi: 10.1016/s0031-9201(03)00065-7 Li, L., Weidner, D.J., Chen, J.H., et al., 2004a.X-Ray Strain Analysis at High Pressure:Effect of Plastic Deformation in MgO.Journal of Applied Physics, 95(12):8357-8365.doi: 10.1063/1.1738532 Li, L, Weidner, D., Raterron, P., et al., 2004b.Stress Measurements of Deforming Olivine at High Pressure.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 143-144:357-367.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2003.09.022 Long, H.B., Weidner, D.J., Li, L., et al., 2011.Deformation of Olivine at Subduction Zone Conditions Determined from In Situ Measurements with Synchrotron Radiation.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 186(1-2):23-35.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.02.006 Mao, H.K., Shu, J., Shen, G., et al., 1998.Elasticity and Rheology of Iron above 220 GPa and the Nature of the Earth's Inner Core.Nature, 396(6713):741-743.doi: 10.1038/20472 Meade, C., Jeanloz, R., 1990.The Strength of Mantle Silicates at High Pressures and Room Temperature:Implications for the Viscosity of the Mantle.Andrologia, 38(2):69-75.doi: 10.1038/348533a0 Mei, S., Kohlstedt, D.L., 2000.Influence of Water on Plastic Deformation of Olivine Aggregates:2.Dislocation Creep Regime.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 105(B9):21471-21481.doi: 10.1029/2000jb900180 Mei, S.H., Kohlstedt, D.L., Durham, W.B., et al., 2008.Experimental Investigation of the Creep Behavior of MgO at High Pressures.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 170(3):170-175.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.06.030 Mei, S.H., Suzuki, A.M., Kohlstedt, D.L., et al., 2010.Experimental Investigation of the Creep Behavior of Garnet at High Temperatures and Pressures.Journal of Earth Science, 21(5):532-540.doi: 10.1007/s12583-010-0127-8 Merkel, S., Gruson, M., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2012.Texture and Elastic Strains in Hcp-Iron Plastically Deformed up to 17.5 GPa and 600 K:Experiment and Model.Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, 20(2):024005.doi: 10.1088/0965-0393/20/2/024005 Miyagi, L., Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2008.Deformation and Texture Development in CaIrO3 Post-Perovskite Phase up to 6 GPa and 1 300 K.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 268(3-4):515-525.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.005 Murnaghan, F.D., 1937.Finite Deformations of an Elastic Solid.American Journal of Mathematics, 59(2):235.doi: 10.2307/2371405 Nishihara, Y., Ohuchi, T., Kawazoe, T., et al., 2014.Rheology of Fine-Grained Forsterite Aggregate at Deep Upper Mantle Conditions.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 119(1):253-273.doi: 10.1002/2013jb010473 Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y.B., Rivers, M.L., et al., 2007.Rheology of ε-Iron up to 19 GPa and 600 K in the D-DIA.Geophysical Research Letters, 34(23):306-317.doi: 10.1029/2007gl031431 Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y.B., Sanehira, T., et al., 2008.Development of the Multi-Anvil Assembly 6-6 for DIA and D-DIA Type High-Pressure Apparatuses.High Pressure Research, 28(3):307-314.doi: 10.1080/08957950802250607 Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y.B., Uchida, T., et al., 2005.Pressure and Strain Dependence of the Strength of Sintered Polycrystalline Mg2SiO4 Ringwoodite.Geophysical Research Letters, 32(4):319-325.doi: 10.1029/2004GL022141 Osugi, J., Shimizu, K., Inoue, K., et al., 1964.A Compact Cubic Anvil High Pressure Apparatus.Review of Physical Chemistry of Japan, 34(1):1-6. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120000900379 Paterson, M.S., 1990.Rock Deformation Experimentation.In:Duba, A.G., Durham, W.B., Handin, J.W., et al., eds., The Brittle-Ductile Transition in Rocks.American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 187-194.doi:10.1029/GM056p0187 Raterron, P., Amiguet, E., Chen, J.H., et al., 2009.Experimental Deformation of Olivine Single Crystals at Mantle Pressure and Temperature.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 172(1-2):74-83.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.026 Renner, J., Stöckhert, B., Zerbian, A., et al., 2001.An Experimental Study into the Rheology of Synthetic Polycrystalline Coesite Aggregates.Journal of Geophysical Research(Solid Earth), 106(B9):19411-19429.doi: 10.1029/2001jb000431 Shimomura, O., Utsumi, W., Taniguci, T., et al., 1992.A New High Pressure and High Temperature Apparatus with Sintered Diamond Anvils for Synchrotron Radiation Use.In:Syono, Y., Manghnani, M.H., eds., High-Pressure Research:Application to Earth and Planetary Sciences, Terra Scientific/American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 67:3-11.doi:10.1029/GM067p0003 Singh, A.K., 1993.The Lattice Strains in a Specimen (Cubic System) Compressed Nonhydrostatically in an Opposed Anvil Device.Journal of Applied Physics, 73(9):4278-4286.doi: 10.1063/1.352809 Singh, A.K., Balasingh, C., 1994.The Lattice Strains in a Specimen (Hexagonal System) Compressed Nonhydrostatically in an Opposed Anvil High Pressure Setup.Journal of Applied Physics, 75(10):4956-4962.doi: 10.1063/1.355786 Singh, A.K., Balasingh, C., 1996.The Effect of Uniaxial Stress Component on the Lattice Strains Measured by a Diffraction Method Using Opposed Anvil Device:Trigonal System.Bulletin of Materials Science, 19(3):601-605.doi: 10.1007/bf02744833 Singh, A.K., Balasingh, C., Mao, H.K., et al., 1998.Analysis of Lattice Strains Measured Under Nonhydrostatic Pressure.Journal of Applied Physics, 83(12):7567-7575.doi: 10.1063/1.367872 Stokes, A.R., Pascoe, K.J., Lipson, H., 1943.X-Ray Evidence of the Nature of Cold Work in Metals.Nature, 151(3822):137.doi: 10.1038/151137a0 Sung, C.M., Goetze, C., Mao, H.K., 1977.Pressure Distribution in the Diamond Anvil Press and the Shear Strenght of Fayalite.Review of Scientific Instruments, 48(11):1386-1391.doi: 10.1063/1.1134902 Uchida, T., Funamori, N., Yagi, T., 1996.Lattice Strains in Crystals under Uniaxial Stress Field.Journal of Applied Physics, 80(2):739-746.doi: 10.1063/1.362920 Uchida, T., Wang, Y.B., Rivers, M.L., et al., 2004.Yield Strength and Strain Hardening of MgO up to 8 GPa Measured in the Deformation-DIA with Monochromatic X-Ray Diffraction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 226(1-2):117-126.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.023 Wang, Y.B., 2006.Combining the Large Volume Press with Synchrotron Radiation:Applications to In Situ Studies of Earth Materials under High Pressure and Temperature.Earth Science Frontiers, 13(2):1-36(in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200602001.htm Wang, Y.B., Durham, W.B., Getting, I.C., et al., 2003.The Deformation-DIA:A New Apparatus for High Temperature Triaxial Deformation to Pressures up to 15 GPa.Review of Scientific Instruments, 74(6):3002-3011.doi: 10.1063/1.1570948 Wang, Y.B., Hilairet, N., Dera, P., 2010.Recent Advances in High Pressure and Temperature Rheological Studies.Journal of Earth Science, 21(5):495-516.doi: 10.1007/s12583-010-0124-y Weidner, D.J., 1998.Rheological Studies at High Pressure.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 37(1):493-524. http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/37/1/493 Weidner, D.J., Li, L., Davis, M., et al., 2004.Effect of Plasticity on Elastic Modulus Measurements.Geophysical Research Letters, 31(6):337-357.doi: 10.1029/2003gl019090 Weidner, D.J., Vaughan, M.T., Wang, L.P., et al., 2010.Precise Stress Measurements with White Synchrotron X-Rays.Review of Scientific Instruments, 81(1):0139030.doi: 10.1063/1.3263760 Wenk, H.R., Ischia, G., Nishiyama, N., et al., 2005.Texture Development and Deformation Mechanisms in Ringwoodite.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152(3):191-199.doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2005.06.008 Xu, H.J., Zhao, S.T., Wu, Y., 2016.Microstructure and Mechanism of Quartz Exsolution in Clinopyroxene.Earth Science, 41(6):948-970 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQKX201606004.htm Xu, L.L., Mei, S.H., Dixon, N., et al., 2013.Effect of Water on Rheological Properties of Garnet at High Temperatures and Pressures.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 379(5):158-165.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.002 Yamazaki, D., Karato, S.I., 2001.High-Pressure Rotational Deformation Apparatus to 15 GPa.Review of Scientific Instruments, 72(11):4207-4211.doi: 10.1063/1.1412858 Zhang, Y.F., Wu, Y., Liu, P.L., et al., 2012.Walker Type Multi-Anvil Apparatus and Its Applications in Geosciences.Earth Science, 37(5):955-965(in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287381930_Walker_type_multi-anvil_apparatus_and_its_applications_in_geosciences Zhou, C.Y., Jin, Z.M., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2016.Sound Velocity Measurement of Minerals and Rocks at Mantle Transition Zone Conditions Using Ultrasonic and Multianvil Techniques.Earth Science, 41(9):1451-1460 (in Chinese with English abstract). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309263965_Sound_velocity_measurement_of_minerals_and_rocks_at_mantle_transitionzone_conditions_using_ultrasonic_and_multianvil_techniques 金振民, 1988.高温高压岩石变形实验及其地球动力学的意义.地质科技情报, 7(3):11-19. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZKQ198803002.htm 金振民, 1997.我国高温高压实验研究进展和展望.地球物理学报, 40(增刊1):70-81. http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-ZGDW199710001009.htm 王雁宾, 2006.地球内部物质物性的原位高温高压研究:大体积压机与同步辐射源的结合.地学前缘, 13(2):1-36. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DXQY200602001.htm 徐海军, 赵素涛, 武云, 2016.单斜辉石中石英出溶体的显微结构和成因机制.地球科学, 41(6):948-970. http://www.earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3310 张艳飞, 吴耀, 刘鹏雷, 等, 2012.Walker型28GPa多面砧压机及其在地球科学中的应用.地球科学, 37(5):955-965. http://www.earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=2301 周春银, 金振民, 王雁宾, 等, 2016.地幔转换带条件下岩石矿物波速测量方法:超声波与多面砧技术的结合.地球科学, 41(9):1451-1460. http://www.earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3351