Geochemical Characteristics of the Early Carboniferous Shale in Guizhong Depression and Their Contribution to Adjacent Gas Reservoirs
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摘要: 目前针对桂中坳陷早石炭世富有机质泥页岩的生烃潜力方面研究很少，严重制约了该区以页岩气为主的非常规油气勘探.本研究对鹿寨县城西石炭系鹿寨组泥页岩系统取样分析，从有机碳含量、岩石热解、有机碳同位素组成、抽提物正构烷烃组成特征及泥岩镜质体反射率多个方面讨论了该套泥页岩的生烃潜力；结合区域构造演化史总结了与下石炭统岩关阶泥页岩密切相关的3种近源气藏赋存模式.研究结果表明：泥页岩的TOC值分布于0.25%~15.67%，其中强制海退前沉积的泥页岩富含有机质，TOC值均大于2%，TOC值与氯仿沥青"A"、生烃潜量及总烃呈弱正相关关系.泥页岩的有机质类型主体为Ⅱ型；泥页岩的Ro值分布于1.72%~2.78%，处于过成熟阶段.泥页岩上下岩性组合特征及桂中坳陷现今所处的构造位置表明，坳陷中部对冲构造区为有利的近源气藏形成区，背冲构造区为较差区；坳陷边缘逆冲推覆构造区为存在岩性圈闭的近源气藏形成区.Abstract: To date there are only a few studies on genetic potential of the Early Carboniferous shale in Guizhong depression, which severely restricts the unconventional oil and gas exploration (mainly shale gas) in this area. In this study, typical profile measurements and sampling analysis of the shale from the Early Carboniferous slope facies in Guizhong depression were conducted, and then the hydrocarbon generating potential of the shale was discussed from multiple perspectives, including the TOC content, rock pyrolysis, organic carbon isotope composition, n-alkane composition and the vitrinite reflectance of the shale. Combined with regional tectonic evolution history, three models of near source gas reservoirs, which are closely related to the shale from the Lower Carboniferous Yanguanian Stage, are summarized. The results show that, TOC values are ranging from 0.25% to 15.67%. The shales deposited before forced regressive are rich in organic matter, with TOC values greater than 2%. There are weak positive correlations between TOC value and chloroform bitumen "A", the hydrocarbon generating potential and the total hydrocarbon respectively. The type of the organic metter in the shales is mainly classified as kerogen type Ⅱ. The values of Ro are ranging from 1.72% to 2.78%, in the overmature stage. According to the lithologic characteristics and the present tectonic position of Guizhong depression, we suggest that the ramp structure zone in the middle of the depression is favorable for the formation of near source gas reservoirs, while the back thrust zone is poor. The thrust nappe structure zone in the edge of the depression is the near source gas accumulation zone with lithologic traps.
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Key words:
- Guizhong depression /
- Early Carboniferous /
- shale /
- maturity /
- source rock evaluation
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图 1 桂中坳陷早石炭世沉积相简图
Fig. 1. Sedimentary facies diagram of Guizhong depression Early Carboniferous
图 2 研究区早石炭世三级层序岩性特征
a.SQ2含硅质泥岩断口特征；b.SQ3底部滑塌构造及新鲜泥岩样品特征；c.SQ01/2层界线及2层瘤状灰岩特征；d.SQ1碳质页岩风化特征及新鲜样品沿页理剥落
Fig. 2. Lithologic characteristics of Early Carboniferous the 3rd grade sequence in the study area
图 3 鹿寨县下石炭统鹿寨组取样剖面分层及层序划分
Fig. 3. Stratification and sequence division of sampling profile in the Lower Carboniferous Luzhai Formation, in Luzhai County
图 4 样品C1lz-5-1饱和烃TIC、m/z=217及m/z=191质量色谱图
Fig. 4. TIC, m/z=217 and m/z=191 mass chromatograms of saturated hydrocarbon from sample C1lz-5-1
图 5 鹿寨组不同层段泥页岩Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18关系
Fig. 5. Relationship between Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 of carbonaceous shale in different strata in Luzhai Formation
图 6 桂中坳陷早石炭世泥页岩有机碳同位素组成与有机碳含量关系
Fig. 6. Relationship between organic carbon isotopic composition and organic carbon content of shale in Early Carboniferous in Guizhong depression
图 7 桂中坳陷早石炭世泥页岩在不同时期不同构造区域的油气藏形成模式
Fig. 7. Formation model of oil and gas reservoir of Early Carboniferous carbonaceous shales in Guizhong depression at different periods and tectonic regions
表 1 鹿寨长胜凹剖面泥页岩有机质丰度分布特征
Table 1. Organic matter abundance distribution of shale in Changshengwa profile in Luzhai County
样号编号 TOC(%) HI(10-3) “A”(%) HC(10-6) S1+S2(10-3) HC/TOC C1lz-24-1 0.47 6.4 0.024 11.09 0.03 23.6 C1lz-23-1 0.31 3.2 0.007 31.16 0.03 100.5 C1lz-22-1 0.57 7.0 0.006 26.38 0.06 46.3 C1lz-21-1 0.51 3.9 0.007 15.25 0.03 29.9 C1lz-20-1 0.94 6.4 0.003 17.71 0.08 18.8 C1lz-19-1 0.43 4.7 0.002 3.72 0.03 8.7 C1lz-18-2 0.25 4.0 0.002 6.32 0.01 25.3 C1lz-17-1 1.14 6.1 0.005 6.26 0.13 5.5 C1lz-16-1 0.79 7.6 0.003 6.77 0.09 8.6 C1lz-14-1 1.06 1.9 0.110 5.85 0.03 5.5 C1lz-13-1 2.52 3.2 0.004 10.21 0.16 4.1 C1lz-10-2 2.01 2.0 0.176 5.82 0.04 2.9 C1lz-10-1 3.80 1.3 0.002 14.97 0.06 3.9 C1lz-8-2 4.53 2.0 0.164 5.54 0.11 1.2 C1lz-7-3 4.50 3.1 0.015 22.02 0.31 4.9 C1lz-7-1 3.05 3.0 0.132 9.38 0.15 3.1 C1lz-6-3 4.57 2.0 0.153 8.82 0.13 1.9 C1lz-5-1 4.10 1.5 0.140 6.90 0.12 1.7 C1lz-4-1 15.67 6.8 0.016 21.06 1.25 1.3 C1lz-3-1 / / 0.001 5.69 / / 注：HI(氢指数)=热解烃/有机碳含量；HC(总烃)=饱和烃含量+芳烃含量. 
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表 2 早石炭世泥页岩链烷烃系列及部分甾烷特征
Table 2. The parameters of chain alkane and steranes in the Early Carboniferous shale
样号编号 C21-/C22+ Pr/Ph Pr/nC17 Ph/nC18 C27R/C29R C28R/C29R C1lz-24-1 11.22 0.71 0.47 0.85 1.33 0.92 C1lz-23-1 26.61 0.97 1.19 1.91 1.51 0.66 C1lz-22-1 29.99 0.78 0.69 1.33 1.11 0.70 C1lz-21-1 21.45 0.84 0.51 1.44 1.30 0.65 C1lz-20-1 0.96 0.30 1.15 1.40 1.27 0.74 C1lz-19-1 1.90 1.28 151.90 3.04 1.71 0.58 C1lz-18-2 3.77 1.01 1.37 1.03 1.52 0.62 C1lz-17-1 1.71 0.94 250.85 239.32 1.13 0.51 C1lz-16-1 3.86 1.03 143.81 2.04 1.31 0.60 C1lz-14-1 3.57 1.40 1.07 1.09 1.14 0.23 C1lz-13-1 5.01 0.87 0.86 1.13 1.38 0.62 C1lz-10-2 1.69 0.83 0.87 1.59 1.67 0.86 C1lz-10-1 2.43 0.75 1.00 1.24 1.38 0.82 C1lz-8-2 1.34 0.92 1.19 1.07 1.19 0.84 C1lz-7-3 / 1.14 2.49 2.39 / / C1lz-7-1 1.78 1.60 3.68 1.63 0.88 0.19 C1lz-6-3 6.72 0.83 0.96 2.18 1.25 0.81 C1lz-5-1 1.17 0.67 1.33 1.81 1.36 0.80 C1lz-4-1 2.93 0.67 0.54 1.21 1.80 0.72 C1lz-3-1 1.29 0.91 2.14 1.19 1.92 0.65 C1lz-ND-3 1.80 1.20 2.45 1.16 1.46 0.69 C1lz-ND-2 2.48 1.11 0.80 0.90 1.88 0.94 C1lz-ND-1 3.54 1.22 0.96 1.06 / /
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表 3 早石炭世泥页岩显微组成鉴定结果
Table 3. Microscopic identification of the shales in the Early Carboniferous
样号编号 腐泥组 壳质组 镜质组 惰质组 TI 有机质类型 C1lz-5-1 90 0 8 2 82.00 Ⅰ C1lz-7-1 80 0 15 2 69.75 Ⅱ1 C1lz-10-2 70 0 24 6 46.00 Ⅱ1 C1lz-17-1 0 1 88 11 -76.50 Ⅲ C1lz-24-1 3 0 85 12 -72.75 Ⅲ
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表 4 桂中坳陷上古生界泥页岩样品镜质体反射率
Table 4. Vitrinite reflectance of shale in the Upper Paleozoic in Guizhong Depression
采样地点 岩性 样品数(块) 层位 Ro(%) 长胜凹剖面 泥岩、页岩 5 C1 1.7~2.8 *上林 泥岩 9 C1 1.9~2.5 *鹿寨 泥岩、页岩 12 C1 1.6~1.9 *桂林 泥岩、页岩 4 C1 2.0~3.0 *象州 页岩 10 D2 1.0~3.0 *南丹、河池 泥岩 3 C1 2.0~3.0 注：标“*”号样品据黄羚等(2012).
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表 5 桂中坳陷泥盆系-下石炭统泥页岩粘土矿物含量及组成特征
Table 5. Clay content and composition of shale in the Devonian-Lower Carboniferous in Guizhong Depression
采样地点 岩性 样品数
(块)层位 粘土矿物含量
(%)主要粘土矿物相对含量 I I/S S 1石门、环江 泥岩、页岩 3 C1 / 60~64 13~31 5~27 2上林 泥岩 9 C1 1~3 74~89 10~20 5 2鹿寨 泥岩、页岩 12 C1 40~70 10~30 40~60 10~15 2桂林 泥岩、页岩 4 C1 31~39 23~34 60~74 15 2南丹、河池 泥岩 3 D1 25~40 ＞75 / / 注：1据潘仁芳等(2014)；2据黄羚等(2012).
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