Geological Modeling of Uranium Reservoir: The Geological Foundation of Revealing the Metallogenic Mechanism and Solving "Remaining Uranium"
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摘要: 野外露头和典型矿床的地质建模显示,铀储层存在着严重的沉积和成岩非均质性,即铀储层砂体存在物理结构和物质成分的差异,它们一方面通过制约铀成矿流体场和层间氧化作用达到对铀成矿的控制,另一方面也会影响地浸采铀的溶矿流体场以及对溶剂的选择.本文从铀成矿机理探讨和提高采收率的角度,遴选了地质模型表征的3大类、10余种关键要素,并总结了各参数的空间分布规律.研究表明,沉积作用和沉积环境是铀储层内部沉积界面和构成单元形成发育的主要控制因素,成岩作用会进一步增强铀储层结构和成分的复杂性.研究指出,与铀成矿密切相关的后生蚀变作用优先发育于物性条件好但还原介质丰度低的河道单元中,显示层间氧化带和铀矿的形成发育具有很强的选择性;地下地质建模受参数获取方法和精度约束而具有很大的预测性,但是在矿床尺度下系统总结关键参数的空间配置规律和相互制约关系,对服务找矿预测和地浸采铀才具有真正的实际应用价值.Abstract: By the geological modeling of outcrop and typical uranium deposit, it can be found that there are serious sedimentary heterogeneity and diagenetic heterogeneity in uranium reservoir, that is, the differences in the structure and material composition of the uranium reservoir sandstone. On the one hand, they can control uranium mineralization by restricting uranium metallogenic flow field and interlayer oxidation, on the other hand they may also affect the dissolution flow field and selecting solvent for in-situ leaching uranium. From the discussion of uranium metallogenic mechanism and the angle of improving the recovery rate, three categories and more than ten key elements of the geological model are selected, and the spatial distribution rules of each parameter are summarized. It is found that sedimentation and sedimentary environments are the main controlling factors for the formation and development of the depositional interfaces and components of the uranium reservoir, and the diagenesis would further enhance the complexity of the structure and composition of the uranium reservoir. It is pointed out that the epigenetic alteration, which is closely related to uranium mineralization, is preferentially developed in channel units with good physical properties but low reductant abundances, indicating that the formation and development of interlayer oxidation zones and uranium deposits are highly selective. By fully comparative analysis of the characteristics of the geological modeling between outcrop and underground uranium reservoir, the research ideas which can be used for reference are summarized and the common modeling parameters are selected, which provides the basis for guiding the underground modeling. It is believed that the underground geological modeling is very predictable by the constraints of getting parameters and the precision of parameters, but it has real practical value for ore prospecting and in-situ leaching uranium when the spatial distribution and mutual restriction of key parameters are systematically summed up on the deposit scale.
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图 4 大规模钙质胶结作用与铀矿化体空间叠置规律典型实例
a和b分别为鄂尔多斯盆地大营铀矿床直罗组下段下亚段和上亚段铀储层砂体中钙质砂岩厚度与铀矿体叠置关系, 注意古层间氧化带由北东向西南方向推进, 据焦养泉等(2012a); c.美国怀俄明Shirley盆地陆相砂岩铀矿体与钙质胶结物空间配置关系, 据Dahlkamp(1993)
Fig. 4. Typical example of spatial distribution law between large-scale calcareous cementation and uranium mineralized body
图 5 纳岭沟铀矿床铀储层地质建模的地层结构与关键要素模式
C1~C5.沉积旋回及编号; C1M~C5M.泥质隔挡层及其编号; C1Ca~C5Ca.钙质隔挡层及其编号; PIO-1~PIO-3.古层间氧化带及其编号; BU、IU、TU、OU.相对于古层间氧化带的空间位置而言, 它们分别代表了底部铀矿化体、内部铀矿化体、顶部铀矿化体、外部铀矿化体
Fig. 5. The stratigraphic structure and key element model of uranium reservoir geological modeling in Nalinggou uranium deposit
图 9 纳岭沟铀矿床铀储层下部砾岩及其南侧灰色还原砂体与铀成矿关系
剖面位置见图 10
Fig. 9. Relationship between the lower conglomerate and the southern side grey reduced sandstone of uranium reservoirs and uranium mineralization, Nalinggou uranium deposit
表 1 直罗组铀储层露头地质模型表征的关键要素
Table 1. Key elements of outcrop geological models of uranium reservoirs in the Zhiluo Formation
参数类型 关键要素 研究重点与基本特征 表征功能 沉积型 沉积界面 识别和测量控制5个级别的沉积界面 识别和划分铀储层的各级内部构成单元 内部构成单元 依次识别和划分分流河道、河道单元、大底形(小型河道、前积砂坝、侧积砂坝)、中底形、微底形(交错层理) 沉积构造和物质成分变化, 古水动力条件变化 岩石岩性 各种粒度和构造的砂岩、泥岩 物质成分变化, 矿物组构研究, 古水动力条件变化 隔挡层 泥砾隔挡层、泥质隔挡层 限制流体垂向运移, 划分流体流动单元; 泥砾隔挡层通常和炭质碎屑共生, 评价还原介质发育规律 成岩型 蚀变作用
(岩石地球化学类型)紫红色蚀变砂岩、绿色蚀变砂岩、黄色蚀变砂岩 表征铀成矿作用过程中岩石矿物次生变化, 划分岩石地球化学类型, 识别层间氧化带 层间氧化带 界定层间氧化带的发育规模, 特别是刻画层间氧化带的边界 预测铀矿化体的发育和分布空间 铀矿化体 可以理解为是"铀胶结作用"的产物, 岩石、矿物、地球化学研究 矿石品质、矿物组构、铀赋存状态与成因 胶结作用
(钙质和硫化铁)分布规律、成岩-成矿序列、成因机理研究 碳酸盐胶结物含量预测, 服务地浸开发工艺评价; 黄铁矿研究服务于铀成矿机理解释 沉积-成岩混合型 还原介质 还原介质类型、空间配置关系、分布规律(丰度变化趋势)、成因机制 层间氧化带空间定位预测; 铀矿化体空间定位预测 物性条件
(孔隙度、渗透率)沉积-成岩过程中孔隙演化与结构特征, 定量测量 多孔介质各向异性, 成矿流体和采矿流体研究基础 表 2 铀储层露头地质建模与地下地质建模的比较分析
Table 2. Comparative analysis of outcrop geological modeling and underground geological modeling of uranium reservoir
类比内容 露头模型 地下模型 资料来源 露头剖面实测 钻孔编录与统计 关键参数 信息获取便捷, 而且资料丰富; 纵横向等比例无死角测量; 关键参数类型丰富. 依赖于钻孔, 资料有限; 垂向精细测量, 横向仅凭预测; 关键参数类型有限. 模型尺度 河道尺度(几十米~几百米) 矿床尺度(几千米~十几千米) 研究任务 铀储层复杂性的直观表征, 偏重沉积和成岩非均质性的精细解剖, 识别沉积界面、流体流动单元. 铀矿床非均质性表征与预测, 偏重区域铀储层沉积旋回划分和小层对比, 关键隔挡层的表征, 特别是成矿要素和规律的总结. 模型功能 (1)服务成矿机理研究; (2)指导地下地质建模. (1)服务找矿远景预测; (2)服务矿山地浸采铀的溶矿流场分析, 以及溶剂的选择. -
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