Characteristics of Ore-Forming Fluids and Their Geological Significance of Qiongkuduke Ag-Polymetallic Deposit in the Xiaoshitouquan Area of Eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang
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摘要: 琼库都克银多金属矿床位于新疆哈密地区的小石头泉矿区中部，是矿区目前为止最大的银多金属矿床，目前人们对该矿床的成矿机制研究有待深入.在详细矿床地质特征的研究基础上，开展了石英流体包裹体显微测温分析、群体包裹体的气液相成分分析以及稳定同位素（H、O同位素）分析.结果显示，琼库都克矿床的原生石英流体包裹体类型主要为富液相的水溶液包裹体，个体较小；成矿早期阶段（Ⅰ阶段）流体包裹体的均一温度变化于152~280 ℃，盐度ω（NaCleqv）变化范围为2.73%~13.50%；主成矿阶段（Ⅱ阶段）流体包裹体的均一温度变化范围为131~261 ℃，盐度ω（NaCleqv）变化范围为0.35%~9.59%，总体表现出中-低温、中-低盐度的成矿流体特征，从Ⅰ阶段到Ⅱ阶段，成矿流体的均一温度和盐度均有所降低，表明温度和盐度的降低可能为金属沉淀的成矿机制.流体包裹体的气相成分中绝大部分为H2O，其次含有一定的CO2，并含有少量N2以及CH4和C2H6等还原性气体；液相成分中阳离子主要为Na+、K+，阴离子以Cl-占绝大多数，部分含SO42-，表明琼库都克矿床的成矿流体富含挥发分，为H2O-NaCl型热液体系.主成矿阶段包裹体的δDH2O值范围为-89.5‰~-85.1‰，δ18OH2O值为-8.671‰~-5.94‰，结合包裹体成分分析，显示矿床主成矿阶段的成矿热液为大气降水与岩浆水的混合来源.矿床地质特征、流体包裹体的研究结果以及氢氧同位素特征显示，琼库都克矿床为浅成低温热液型矿床.
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关键词:
- 地球化学 /
- 流体包裹体 /
- 氢、氧同位素 /
- 琼库都克银多金属矿床 /
- 东天山
Abstract: Qiongkuduke Ag-polymetallic deposit is located in the central Xiaoshitouquan area, eastern of the Harlik arc. The Qiongkuduke deposit is the largest Ag-polymetallic deposit in the Xiaoshitouquan area. However, the mineralization mechanism of the deposit needs to be further studied. This paper focuses on the study of the homogenization temperature and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the fluid inclusions of the Qiongkuduke deposit based on the previous researches, to discuss the features of ore-forming fluids source. It is found by systematically petrographic observations that fluid inclusions are mainly small, sparse, and aqueous. The homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions ranges from 152 to 280℃ and the salinity ranges from 2.73% to 13.50% NaCleqv in the early stage of mineralization (stage Ⅰ), and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions ranges from 131 to 261℃ and the salinity ranges from 0.35% to 9.59% NaCleqv in the main stage of mineralization (stage Ⅱ), indicating that the homogenization temperature and salinity of the ore-forming fluid decrease from the early stage to the main stage of mineralization.The ore-forming fluid belongs to the H2O-NaCl system with the gas phase mainly composed of H2O together with minor CO2 and N2, while the liquid phase is mainly composed of Na+, K+, Cl- together with minor SO42-. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions of the Qiongkuduke deposit show that the δDH2O value varies from -89.5‰ to -85.1‰ whereas the δ18OH2O value varies from -8.671‰ to -5.94‰. Combined with the inclusion composition analysis, the ore-forming fluid of the Qiongkuduke deposit is the mixture of magmatic water and atmospheric water. Regarding the regional tectonic setting, geological characteristics of the deposit, the features of ore-forming fluids and the characteristics of isotope analysis, we conclude that the Qiongkuduke Ag-polymetallic deposit belongs to the epithermal deposit. -
图 1 东天山区域地质简图
Fig. 1. Geological sketch of tectonic outline of the eastern Tianshan area
图 2 小石头泉地区区域地质图(a)和小石头泉矿区地质图(b)
1.第四纪沉积；2.红色岩性建造；3.石炭纪上亚层：类磨拉石建造.4.石炭纪下亚层：含煤建造；5.上石炭统海相火山碎屑岩建造；6.下石炭统海相火山碎屑建造；7.中泥盆统头苏泉组：凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩、砂砾岩、钙质砂岩、砾岩及硅质岩、霏细岩、杏仁状玄武岩；8.石炭纪辉长岩；9.石炭纪花岗岩；10.石炭纪钾质花岗岩；11.石炭纪闪长岩；12.石英闪长岩；13.钾长花岗岩；14.背斜；15.向斜；16.隐伏向斜；17.区域大断裂；18.逆断层；19.推测断层；20.平推断层；21.铅锌矿床(点)；22.银矿床(点)；23.铜矿床(点)；24.铁矿床(点)
Fig. 2. Geological sketch of Xiaoshitouquan region (a) and the Xiaoshitouquan deposit (b)
图 3 琼库都克银多金属矿床矿区地质简图
Fig. 3. Geological sketch of the Qiongkuduke Ag-polymetallic deposit
图 4 琼库都克矿床10号槽探剖面
Fig. 4. Trenching profiles along line No.10 of the Qiongkuduke deposit
图 5 琼库都克矿床0号勘探线钻孔剖面
Fig. 5. Exploration profiles along line No.0 of the Qiongkuduke deposit
图 6 琼库都克矿床围岩及矿化照片
a.成矿早阶段的梳状石英脉；b.成矿早阶段的细粒石英脉；c.成矿早阶段的硅化蚀变带；d.成矿早阶段的热液石英脉；e.石英脉中的晶洞构造；f.主成矿阶段的网脉状石英脉
Fig. 6. Field photos of the Qiongkuduke Ag-polymetallic deposit mineralization and host rocks
图 7 琼库都克矿床金属矿物组合显微照片
a.含黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿石英脉；b.呈自形-半自形结构的黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿共生；c.黄铜矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿和方铅矿共生；d.辉银矿分布于方铅矿的边部；e.闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿共生；f.黄铜矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿共生.Ccp.黄铜矿；Py.黄铁矿；Sp.闪锌矿；Gn.方铅矿；Td.黝铜矿；Arg.辉银矿；Qz.石英
Fig. 7. Photomicrographs of the Qiongkuduke deposit ore textures and mineral assemblage
图 8 琼库都克矿床包裹体显微照片
LH2O.液相；VH2O.气相
Fig. 8. Photomicrographs of the Qiongkuduke fluid inclusions (FIs)
图 9 琼库都克矿床石英中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度直方图
Fig. 9. Histogram of homogenization temperature and salinity for fluid inclusions in quartz from Qiongkuduke deposit
图 10 琼库都克矿床石英流体包裹体均一温度-盐度与不同类型矿床包裹体的均一温度-盐度对比
Fig. 10. Comparison between temperature-salinity of inclusions of the Qiongkuduke deposit and that of inclusions in different types of ore deposits
图 11 琼库都克矿床成矿流体的δD-δ18OH2O图解
据Taylor(1979, 1997)、Ohmoto(1986)、Sheppard(1986)、Hedenquist et al.(1994)、Nesbitt(1996)
Fig. 11. δD-δ18OH2O diagram of fluid inclusions from the Qiongkuduke deposit
表 1 琼库都克银多金属矿床流体包裹体显微测温结果
Table 1. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions of the Qiongkuduke Ag-polymetallic deposit
成矿阶段 样号 均一温度(℃) 盐度(% NaCleqv) Ⅰ阶段 ZK002-1 160.2~280.1 2.73~9.86 ZK002-19 151.6~261.5 5.41~13.50 Ⅱ阶段 ZK001-9 154.9~200.8 1.90~4.80 ZK001-11 131.0~217.3 1.05~9.59 ZK001-12 139.9~201.0 0.35~3.71 ZK001-17 172.4~245.9 5.26~6.30 ZK001-22 150.3~201.6 2.73~5.11 
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表 2 琼库都克矿床石英流体包裹体气相成分分析结果(%)
Table 2. Gas components of fluid inclusions from the Qiongkuduke deposit (%)
样品编号 H2O N2 Ar* O2 CO2 CH4 C2H6 H2S ZK001-4 99.27 0.021 662 75 0.028 677 - 0.536 165 0.039 630 0.102 370 - ZK001-5 99.28 0.031 649 76 0.015 749 - 0.615 792 0.030 311 0.025 134 - ZK001-14 99.18 0.043 067 22 0.025 500 - 0.676 944 0.044 980 0.029 509 - 注：“-”表示未检出；“*”表示参考值.
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表 3 琼库都克矿床石英流体包裹体液相成分分析结果(10-6)
Table 3. Liquid components of fluid inclusions from the Qiongkuduke deposit (10-6)
样品编号 F- Cl- SO42- Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ ZK001-4 - 0.345 2.400 0.825 1.290 - - ZK001-5 - 2.080 - 1.740 0.801 - - ZK001-14 - 1.540 - 1.130 0.978 - - 注：“-”表示未检出.
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表 4 琼库都克矿床石英流体包裹体的氢氧同位素测试结果
Table 4. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of fluid inclusions from the Qiongkuduke deposit
样品编号 矿物 δ18Ov-SMOW
(‰)δDv-SMOW
(‰)δ18OH2O-SMOW
(‰)T(℃) ZK001-23 石英 7.5 -89.538 -5.994 176 ZK001-5 石英 5.5 -85.156 -8.671 170 ZK001-14 石英 5.2 -85.738 -8.339 175
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