早三叠世海洋异常的碳-氮-硫同位素记录

宋虎跃; 童金南; 杜勇; 宋海军; 田力; 楚道亮

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2018.334

早三叠世海洋异常的碳-氮-硫同位素记录

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.334

中国地质大学生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41872033

安徽省国土资源科技项目 2016-K-5

湖北省自然科学基金项目 2017CFB610

国家自然科学基金项目 41402302

国家自然科学基金项目 41661134047

详细信息

作者简介:
宋虎跃(1986-), 男, 副教授, 主要从事古-中生代之交古海洋环境演变研究

中图分类号: P539.7
计量
- 文章访问数: 3881
- HTML全文浏览量: 1670
- PDF下载量: 81
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-12-20
- 刊出日期: 2018-11-15

Large Perturbed Marine Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur Isotopes during Early Triassic

State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 早三叠世作为显生宙最大生物灭绝之后的一段特殊地质历史时期，不仅见证了海洋生物的迟缓复苏，而且记录了极其动荡的海洋环境变化，该时期异常的生物环境事件及其机制已经成为当前国际地质学者关注的重大科学问题之一.近些年来，研究学者在早三叠世的碳-氮-硫异常循环研究中取得了许多重要的进展，这对深入理解该时期的环境演变及其对生物复苏的影响十分重要.重点回顾近年来关于早三叠世古海洋碳-氮-硫循环方面的研究进展，对当前存在的科学问题及发展趋势进行分析和总结.
- 早三叠世 /
- 碳同位素 /
- 氮同位素 /
- 硫同位素 /
- 海洋缺氧 /
- 地层学
Abstract: Early Triassic oceans recorded the delayed biotic recovery and the large perturbed environments. Hence, the environmental events and their mechanism became one of the key scientific topics for the geological scientists. In recent years, researchers have made many significant progresses in the marine carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles of the Early Triassic, which are important for understanding the co-evolution between the biotic recovery and environmental changes. The progress, problem and future development in the researches of carbon-nitrogen-sulfur cycles during the Early Triassic have been reviewed and summarized.
- Early Triassic /
- carbon isotope /
- nitrogen isotope /
- sulfur isotope /
- ocean anoxia /
- stratigraphy

HTML全文

图 1 早三叠世碳同位素组成全球对比

δ¹³C_carb结果均相对于VPDB；碳同位素分别引自：华南，Payne et al.(2004)；意大利，Horacek et al.(2007a)；伊朗，Horacek et al.(2007b)；N代表碳同位素负偏事件，P代表碳同位素正漂事件

Fig. 1. Global correlation of the Early Triassic carbon isotope changes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 珠穆朗玛峰地区早三叠世全岩有机碳-氮同位素初步结果

未发表数据；δ¹³C_org结果均相对于VPDB；δ¹⁵N_TN结果均相对于空气中氮气；TN代表全岩总有机氮

Fig. 2. Early Triassic organic carbon-nitrogen isotope curves in the Everest area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 打讲、上关刀、下关刀剖面早三叠世δ³⁴S_CAS, δ¹³C_carb曲线

据Song et al.(2014)；δ¹³C_carb结果均相对于VPDB；δ³⁴S_CAS结果均相对于VCDT.C.=Clarkina; H.=Hindeodus parvus; I.s.=Isarcicella staeschi; I.i.=Isarcicella isarcica; Ns.=Neospathodus; Nv.= Novispathodus; T.=Triassospathodus; Cs.=Chiosella; Ni.=Nicoraella; Pg.=Paragondolella; Bv.=Budurovignathus

Fig. 3. Early Triassic δ³⁴S_CAS, δ¹³C_carb curves from Dajiang, Lower and Upper Guandao sections

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

参考文献(82)

Algeo, T.J., Hannigan, R., Rowe, H., et al., 2007.Sequencing Events across the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India).Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1):328-346.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.050 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=4a9aa9f7a9edf8d3adeacf845149d477
Bernasconi, S.M., Meier, I., Wohlwend, S., et al., 2017.An Evaporite-Based High-Resolution Sulfur Isotope Record of Late Permian and Triassic Seawater Sulfate.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 204:331-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.047
Berner, R.A., 2004.The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle:CO₂ and O₂.Oxford University Press, New York.
Berner, R.A., 2005.The Carbon and Sulfur Cycles and Atmospheric Oxygen from Middle Permian to Middle Triassic.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(13):3211-3217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.021
Berner, R.A., 2006.Geocarbsulf:A Combined Model for Phanerozoic Atmospheric O₂ and CO₂.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(23):5653-5664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032
Berner, R.A., Kothavala, Z., 2001.Geocarb Ⅲ:A Revised Model of Atmospheric CO₂ over Phanerozoic Time.American Journal of Science, 301(2):182-204. doi: 10.2475/ajs.301.2.182
Berner, R.A., Rao, J.L., 1994.Phosphorus in Sediments of the Amazon River and Estuary:Implications for the Global Flux of Phosphorus to the Sea.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(10):2333-2339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90014-0
Bottrell, S.H., Newton, R.J., 2006.Reconstruction of Changes in Global Sulfur Cycling from Marine Sulfate Isotopes.Earth-Science Reviews, 75(1):59-83. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=d8174a3ba7587853b13dccac16f70afe
Brühwiler, T., Goudemand, N., Galfetti, T., et al., 2009.The Lower Triassic Sedimentary and Carbon Isotope Records from Tulong (South Tibet) and Their Significance for Tethyan Palaeoceanography.Sedimentary Geology, 222(3-4):314-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.10.003
Cao, C.Q., Love, G.D., Hays, L.E., et al., 2009.Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281(3-4):188-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012
Cao, C.Q., Wang, W., Jing, Y., 2002.Carbon Isotope Changes near Permo-Triassic Boundary in Meishan, Zhejiang.Chinese Science Bulletin, 47(4):302-306 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/02tb9072
Caravaca, G., Thomazo, C., Vennin, E., et al., 2017.Early Triassic Fluctuations of the Global Carbon Cycle:New Evidence from Paired Carbon Isotopes in the Western USA Basin.Global and Planetary Change, 154:10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.05.005
Chen, J.S., Chu, X.L., 1988.Sulfur Isotope Composition of Triassic Marine Sulfates of South China.Chemical Geology:Isotope Geoscience Section, 72(2):155-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(88)90063-2
Chen, J.S., Chu, X.L., Shao, M.R., 1986.Sulfur Isotope of the Triassic Sea.Scientia Geologica Sinica, 21(4):330-338 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZKX198604002.htm
Chen, Z.Q., Benton, M.J., 2012.The Timing and Pattern of Biotic Recovery Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience, 5(6):375-383. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1475
Clarkson, M.O., Richoz, S., Wood, R.A., et al., 2013.A New High-Resolution δ¹³C Record for the Early Triassic:Insights from the Arabian Platform.Gondwana Research, 24(1):233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.002
Clarkson, M.O., Wood, R.A., Poulton, S.W., et al., 2016.Dynamic Anoxic Ferruginous Conditions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Recovery.Nature Communications, 7:12236. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12236
Cortecci, G., Reyes, E., Berti, G., et al., 1981.Sulfur and Oxygen Isotopes in Italian Marine Sulfates of Permian and Triassic Ages.Chemical Geology, 34(1-2):65-79. doi: 10.1016/0009-2541(81)90072-3
Fike, D.A., Bradley, A.S., Rose, C.V., 2015.Rethinking the Ancient Sulfur Cycle.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43(1):593-622. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054802
Fike, D.A., Grotzinger, J.P., Pratt, L.M., et al., 2006.Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean.Nature, 444(7120):744-747. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05345
Galfetti, T., Bucher, H., Brayard, A., et al., 2007a.Late Early Triassic Climate Change:Insights from Carbonate Carbon Isotopes, Sedimentary Evolution and Ammonoid Paleobiogeography.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 243(3-4):394-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.014
Galfetti, T., Hochuli, P.A., Brayard, A., et al., 2007b.Smithian-Spathian Boundary Event:Evidence for Global Climatic Change in the Wake of the End-Permian Biotic Crisis.Geology, 35(4):291.https://doi.org/10.1130/g23117a.1 doi: 10.1130/G23117A.1
Gill, B.C., Lyons, T.W., Young, S.A., et al., 2011.Geochemical Evidence for Widespread Euxinia in the Later Cambrian Ocean.Nature, 469(7328):80-83. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09700
Grasby, S.E., Beauchamp, B., Embry, A., et al., 2013.Recurrent Early Triassic Ocean Anoxia.Geology, 41(2):175-178.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33599.1 doi: 10.1130/G33599.1
Grasby, S.E., Beauchamp, B., Knies, J., 2016.Early Triassic Productivity Crises Delayed Recovery from World's Worst Mass Extinction.Geology, 44(9):779-782. doi: 10.1130/G38141.1
Holser, W.T., 1977.Catastrophic Chemical Events in the History of the Ocean.Nature, 267(5610):403-408. doi: 10.1038/267403a0
Horacek, M., Brandner, R., Abart, R., 2007a.Carbon Isotope Record of the P/T Boundary and the Lower Triassic in the Southern Alps:Evidence for Rapid Changes in Storage of Organic Carbon.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.049
Horacek, M., Richoz, S., Brandner, R., et al., 2007b.Evidence for Recurrent Changes in Lower Triassic Oceanic Circulation of the Tethys:The δ¹³C Record from Marine Sections in Iran.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):355-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.052
Horacek, M., Koike, T., Richoz, S., 2009.Lower Triassic δ¹³C Isotope Curve from Shallow-Marine Carbonates in Japan, Panthalassa Realm:Confirmation of the Tethys δ¹³C Curve.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36(6):481-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.05.005
Huang, K.K., Huang, S.J., Lan, Y.F., et al., 2013.Review of the Carbon Isotope of Early Triassic Carbonates.Advances in Earth Science, 28(3):357-365 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DXJZ201303009.htm
Huang, S.J., Huang, K.K., Lü, J., et al., 2012.Carbon Isotopic Composition of Early Triassic Marine Carbonates, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China.Science China Earth Sciences, 42(10):1508-1522 (in Chinese). doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4440-1
Huang, Y.G., Chen, Z.Q., Wignall, P.B., et al., 2017.Latest Permian to Middle Triassic Redox Condition Variations in Ramp Settings, South China:Pyrite Framboid Evidence.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 129(1-2):229-243.https://doi.org/10.1130/b31458.1 doi: 10.1130/B31458.1
Jenkyns, H.C., Gröcke, D.R., Hesselbo, S.P., 2001.Nitrogen Isotope Evidence for Water Mass Denitrification during the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.Paleoceanography, 16(6):593-603.https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000558 doi: 10.1029/2000PA000558
Kaiho, K., Oba, M., Fukuda, Y., et al., 2012.Changes in Depth-Transect Redox Conditions Spanning the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Their Impact on the Marine Extinction:Evidence from Biomarkers and Sulfur Isotopes.Global and Planetary Change, 94-95:20-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.05.024
Kampschulte, A., Strauss, H., 2004.The Sulfur Isotopic Evolution of Phanerozoic Seawater Based on the Analysis of Structurally Substituted Sulfate in Carbonates.Chemical Geology, 204(3):255-286.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.11.013 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254103003747
Knies, J., Grasby, S.E., Beauchamp, B., et al., 2013.Water Mass Denitrification during the Latest Permian Extinction in the Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada.Geology, 41(2):167-170.https://doi.org/10.1130/g33816.1 doi: 10.1130/G33816.1
Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Payne, J.L., et al., 2007.Paleophysiology and End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256(3-4):295-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.018
Kump, L.R., Arthur, M.A., 1999.Interpreting Carbon-Isotope Excursions:Carbonates and Organic Matter.Chemical Geology, 161(1-3):181-198.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00086-8 doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8
Lei, L.D., 2017.Marine Redox Variability and Its Coupling with Oceanic C-N Biogeochemical Cycling across the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China (Dissertation).China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (in Chinese with English abstract).
Li, R., Jones, B., 2016.Diagenetic Overprint on Negative δ¹³C Excursions across the Permian/Triassic Boundary:A Case Study from Meishan Section, China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 468:18-33.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.11.044 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018216307933
Luo, G.M., Algeo, T.J., Huang, J.H., et al., 2014.Vertical δ¹³C_org Gradients Record Changes in Planktonic Microbial Community Composition during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 396:119-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.006
Luo, G.M., Junium, C.K., Izon, G., et al., 2018.Nitrogen Fixation Sustained Productivity in the Wake of the Palaeoproterozoic Great Oxygenation Event.Nature Communications, 9(1):69-78.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03361-2 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02477-1
Luo, G.M., Kump, L.R., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2010.Isotopic Evidence for an Anomalously Low Oceanic Sulfate Concentration Following End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 300(1):101-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.041 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=27834f35de4ea01ffe320ad6ce098a23
Luo, G.M., Wang, Y.B., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2011.Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation in the Immediate Aftermath of the Latest Permian Marine Mass Extinction.Geology, 39(7):647-650.https://doi.org/10.1130/g32024.1 doi: 10.1130/G32024.1
Marenco, P.J., Corsetti, F.A., Hammond, D.E., et al., 2008.Oxidation of Pyrite during Extraction of Carbonate Associated Sulfate.Chemical Geology, 247(1):124-132.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.10.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009254107004421
McFadden, K.A., Huang, J., Chu, X., et al., 2008.Pulsed Oxidation and Biological Evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(9):3197-3202. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708336105
Meyer, K.M., Yu, M., Jost, A.B., et al., 2011.δ¹³C Evidence That High Primary Productivity Delayed Recovery from End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 302(3/4):378-384.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.033 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=9e83b975bd7f08f4a8f24fb68895bc17
Meyer, K.M., Yu, M., Lehrmann, D., et al., 2013.Constraints on Early Triassic Carbon Cycle Dynamics from Paired Organic and Inorganic Carbon Isotope Records.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 361:429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.035
Minagawa, M., Wada, E., 1986.Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Tide Organisms in the East China Sea:A Characterization of Biological Nitrogen Fixation.Marine Chemistry, 19(3):245-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90026-5
Newton, R.J., Pevitt, E.L., Wignall, P.B., et al., 2004.Large Shifts in the Isotopic Composition of Seawater Sulphate across the Permo-Triassic Boundary in Northern Italy.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 218(3):331-345.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00676-9 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=6e45e8319d1456f55968a0e8b2bef50c
Payne, J., Kump, L., 2007.Evidence for Recurrent Early Triassic Massive Volcanism from Quantitative Interpretation of Carbon Isotope Fluctuations.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 256(1/2):264-277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.034 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=c90108bb89203fa367523f22f826668e
Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Wei, J., et al., 2004.Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle during Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction.Science, 305(5683):506-509. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097023
Riccardi, A.L., Arthur, M.A., Kump, L.R., 2006.Sulfur Isotopic Evidence for Chemocline upward Excursions during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(23):5740-5752. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.005
Romano, C., Goudemand, N., Vennemann, T.W., et al., 2013.Climatic and Biotic Upheavals Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience, 6(1):57-60. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1667
Shen, J., Schoepfer, S.D., Feng, Q.L., et al., 2015.Marine Productivity Changes during the End-Permian Crisis and Early Triassic Recovery.Earth-Science Reviews, 149:136-162. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.002
Shen, S.Z., Crowley, J.L., Wang, Y., et al., 2011.Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science, 334(6061):1367-1372. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1213454
Shen, S.Z., Zhu, M.Y., Wang, X.D., et al., 2010.A Comparison of the Biological, Geological Events and Environmental Backgrounds between the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian and Permian-Triassic Transitions.Science China Earth Sciences, 40(9):1228-1244 (in Chinese). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s11430-010-4092-y
Sigman, D.M., Casdotti, K.L., 2001.Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean.Academic Press, London.
Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., 2016.Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis.Earth Science, 41(6):901-918 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQKX201606001.htm
Song, H.J., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J.N., et al., 2012.Geochemical Evidence from Bio-Apatite for Multiple Oceanic Anoxic Events during Permian-Triassic Transition and the Link with End-Permian Extinction and Recovery.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 353:12-21. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=d9a213220876084fad58736e519e23ca
Song, H.Y., Tong, J.N., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2013.Large Vertical δ¹³C_DIC Gradients in Early Triassic Seas of the South China Craton:Implications for Oceanographic Changes Related to Siberian Traps Volcanism.Global and Planetary Change, 105:7-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
Song, H.Y., Tong, J.N., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2014.Early Triassic Seawater Sulfate Drawdown.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 128:95-113. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.009
Song, H.Y., Tong, J.N., Song, H.J., et al., 2010.Excursion of Sulfur Isotope Compositions in the Lower Triassic of South Guizhou, China.Journal of Earth Science, 21(S1):158-160. doi: 10.1007/s12583-010-0198-6
Sun, Y., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., et al., 2012.Lethally Hot Temperatures during the Early Triassic Greenhouse.Science, 338(6105):366-370. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126
Sun, Y.D., Wignall, P.B., Joachimski, M.M., et al., 2015.High Amplitude Redox Changes in the Late Early Triassic of South China and the Smithian-Spathian Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 427:62-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.038
Thomazo, C., Vennin, E., Brayard, A., et al., 2016.A Diagenetic Control on the Early Triassic Smithian-Spathian Carbon Isotopic Excursions Recorded in the Marine Settings of the Thaynes Group (Utah, USA).Geobiology, 14(3):220-236.https://doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12174 doi: 10.1111/gbi.2016.14.issue-3
Tong, J.N., Qiu, H., Zhao, L., et al., 2002.Lower Triassic Inorganic Carbon Isotope Excursion in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China.Journal of Earth Science, 13(2):98-106. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqkx-e200202002
Tong, J.N., Yin, H.F., 2009.Advance in the Study of Early Triassic Life and Environment.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 48(3):497-508 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gswxb200903020
Tong, J.N., Zuo, J.X., Chen, Z.Q., 2007.Early Triassic Carbon Isotope Excursions from South China:Proxies for Devastation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geological Journal, 42(3-4):371-389.https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1084 doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1034
Wada, E., Hattori, A., 1990.Nitrogen in the Sea:Forms, Abundance, and Rate Processes.CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Wignall, P.B., Bond, D.P.G., Sun, Y.D., et al., 2016.Ultra-Shallow-Marine Anoxia in an Early Triassic Shallow-Marine Clastic Ramp (Spitsbergen) and the Suppression of Benthic Radiation.Geological Magazine, 153(2):316-331.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000588 doi: 10.1017/S0016756815000588
Zhou, G.S., 2003.Global Carbon Cycle.Meteorology Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Zuo, J.X., Tong, J.N., Qiu, H.O., et al., 2006.Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lower Triassic Marine Carbonates, Lower Yangtze Region, South China.Science in China (Series D), 49(3):225-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-006-0225-8
曹长群, 王伟, 金玉玕, 2002.浙江煤山二叠-三叠系界线附近碳同位素变化.科学通报, 47(4):302-306. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2002.04.014
陈锦石, 储雪蕾, 邵茂茸, 1986.三叠纪海的硫同位素.地质科学, 21(4):330-338. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK000000368688
黄可可, 黄思静, 兰叶芳, 等, 2013.早三叠世海相碳酸盐碳同位素研究进展.地球科学进展, 28(3):357-365. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz201303007
黄思静, 黄可可, 吕杰, 等, 2012.早三叠世海水的碳同位素组成与演化-来自四川盆地东部的研究.中国科学(D辑), 42(10):1508-1522. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=QK201204687033
雷丽丹, 2017.华南古中生代之交古海洋氧化(博士学位论文).武汉: 中国地质大学.
沈树忠, 朱茂炎, 王向东, 等, 2010.新元古代-寒武纪与二叠-三叠纪转折时期生物和地质事件及其环境背景之比较.中国科学, 40(9):1228-1240. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=JDXK201009013&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
宋海军, 童金南, 2016.二叠纪-三叠纪之交生物大灭绝与残存.地球科学, 41(6):901-918. http://earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3307
童金南, 殷鸿福, 2009.早三叠世生物与环境研究进.古生物学报, 48(3):497-508. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-6616.2009.03.020
周广胜, 2003.全球碳循环.北京:气象出版社.