A Review on Study Progress and Problem of Nanoparticles in Atmosphere
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摘要: 纳米颗粒物（Nanoparticles，NPs）因较同质量细颗粒物和粗颗粒物而言对人体健康危害大得多，日益受到国内外研究者的重视.结合研究结果，对国内外共87篇NPs相关文献进行调研，选取含有效数据文章进行统计分析.从NPs来源和形成机理、粒径分布和归宿、数浓度水平和化学组成及健康效应和研究手段等方面进行综述.针对我国NPs研究现状提出建议及研究重点：（1）开展NPs常规化监测及环境空气和排放源NPs理化性质研究；（2）系统研究NPs形成机理；（3）发展NPs离线及在线一体化源解析技术；（4）系统建立NPs采样及分析技术；（5）加强NPs毒理学、流行病学和防护研究.由于在采取措施降低TSP和PM2.5过程中有可能导致NPs浓度大幅增加，对人体健康会产生较大危害，政府应同时加大对NPs来源和污染控制研究的投入力度.Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) are more toxic than larger particles at the same mass concentration. Therefore, it should be paid more attention by researchers. In addition to 87 previous papers with valid data on NPs, some results obtained by our research group are also adopted in this paper. The study methods of number concentrations, size distribution, chemical compositions, health effects, source, formation and removal mechanism of NPs, are summarized and reviewed in this study. It is identified the following priorities for further research and provided suggestions when studying NPs in China:(1) systematic study of physicochemical characteristics and routine monitoring of ambient and source NPs; (2) systematic study on the formation mechanism of NPs; (3) development of the integrated off-line and online source apportionment methods of NPs; (4) systematic establishment of sampling and analytical methods for NPs studies; (5) strengthening study on toxicology, epidemiology and protection methods of NPs. It is suggested that it may greatly increase the concentration of nanoparticles when decreasing TSP and PM2.5 which leads to serious health troubles, and government should make more efforts to support the study on the source apportionment and control of nanoparticles.
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Key words:
- aerosol /
- nanoparticle /
- particle-size distribution /
- number concentration /
- health effect /
- environmental geology
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图 1 典型柴油机动车排放颗粒物数浓度、质量浓度、粒径分布和颗粒物在人体肺泡沉积效率的曲线
Fig. 1. Typical mass and number weighted size distributions shown with alveolar deposition
图 2 北京市道路边(北四环)大气细粒子数浓度、质量浓度和表面积浓度的粒径分布特征
Fig. 2. Size distributions (number, area and mass concentration) of fine particles at roadside (North Sihuan) in Beijing
图 3 北京市道路边(北四环)大气细粒子数浓度与质量浓度的关系
Fig. 3. Correlation between number and mass concentration of fine particles at roadside (North Sihuan) in Beijing
表 1 不同地区纳米颗粒物数浓度
Table 1. Number concentrations of NPs in different distrcts
地点 道路旁(cm-3) 城区(cm-3) 背景点(cm-3) 粒径范围(nm) 文献来源 中国北京 17 500 5.6~20 (Shi, 2007) 中国北京 32 000 20~100 (Shi, 2007) 中国北京 9 000 3~20 (Wu et al., 2008) 中国北京 15 900 20~100 (Wu et al., 2008) 中国北京 7 500 3~20 (胡敏等, 2006) 中国北京 15 000 20~100 (胡敏等, 2006) 中国杭州 8 400 5.6~20 (谢小芳等, 2014) 中国杭州 10 800 20~100 (谢小芳等, 2014) 中国南京 9 686 10~20 (钱凌等, 2008) 中国南京 26 232 20~100 (钱凌等, 2008) 日本长久手 2 800 (夏季) 13.6~685.4 (Chen et al., 1991) 日本长久手 18 000 (冬季) 13.6~685.4 (Chen et al., 1991) 美国罗彻斯特 8 160 10~470 (Jeong et al., 2004) 贝克斯菲尔德 10 000~150 000 (Peters et al., 1997) 美国唐尼 180 000~250 000 36 000~57 000 6~220 (Wichmann et al., 2000) 美国匹兹堡 9 700 3~20 (Stanier et al., 2004) 美国匹兹堡 10 100 20~100 (Stanier et al., 2004) 英国伯明翰 160 000~190 000 21 000~24 000 9.6~352 (Oberdorster and Utell, 2002) 英国曼彻斯特 27 000 4.6~100 (Longley et al., 2003) 德国莱比锡 32 000~110 000 3~800 (Pakkanen et al., 2001) 意大利米兰 19 700 10~100 (Lonati et al., 2011) 意大利米兰 10 100 10~100 (Lonati et al., 2011) 西班牙马德里 7 257 ＜30 (Gómez-Moreno et al., 2011) 西班牙马德里 2 848 20~100 (Gómez-Moreno et al., 2011) 西班牙马德里 5 336 ＜30 (Gómez-Moreno et al., 2011) 西班牙马德里 2 019 20~100 (Gómez-Moreno et al., 2011) 芬兰赫尔辛基 10 500~14 500 8~400 (Hussein et al., 2003) 芬兰 8 000 3~500 (Nilsson et al., 2001) 芬兰拉赫蒂 39 000 6~300 (Vakeva et al., 1999) 瑞典哥森堡 2 000 10~369 (Molnar and Hallquist, 2002) 
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