Variation Characteristics along the Strike of the Littoral Fault Zone in Offshore Pearl River Estuary
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摘要: 珠江口外海域滨海断裂带是南海北部陆缘重要的控震和发震构造,其研究关系到区域防震抗震、地壳稳定性评价及对南海构造演化的认识.为探明滨海断裂带沿构造走向上的变化特征,对2015年珠江口海陆联测数据进行了处理,使用射线追踪、走时模拟等方法,获得了珠江口西侧的地壳纵波速度结构模型和滨海断裂带在珠江口地区的发育位置和构造形态等信息.结果显示,珠江口西侧滨海断裂带总体倾向SE,向下可能延伸至莫霍面;沉积层在断裂带陆侧较薄,在滨海断裂带处突然增厚;断裂带内地壳速度为5.3~6.7 km/s,相对两侧地壳表现出低速特征;莫霍面的埋深由断裂带陆侧的28.5 km抬升至其海侧的24.5 km;海陆两侧的地壳结构具有明显的非均一性.对比前人在珠江口东侧的研究成果,珠江口外滨海断裂带总体形态特征相似,但也表现出明显的差异,自东向西,断裂带内部的结构形态从简单变得复杂,逐渐发育明显的阶梯状断层;北界断裂从断距很大的陡崖式正断层逐渐转变为断距较小的低角度正断层,且北界断裂的位置向北错动了一段距离,断裂带内的低速异常则逐渐变弱.本研究不但可以加深对滨海断裂带浅、深部结构的认识,而且还能为研究南海北部陆缘的发震构造提供参考.Abstract: The Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ) is an important seismic control and seismic structure in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.The study of LFZ is related to regional seismic resistance, crustal stability evaluation and the understanding of tectonic evolution of the South China Sea. To find out the spatial variations along the strike of the LFZ, we processed the data of the onshore-offshore deep seismic experiment in Pearl River Estuary (PRE) area in 2015 and simulated a P-wave velocity model in the western PRE and detected the general location of LFZ. The results show that the LFZ dips southeast down to the Moho with a low velocity of 5.3-6.7 km/s in the crust. The basement fluctuates greatly and the depth of the Moho interface is decreases gradually from 28.5 km to 24.5 km from the onshore to offshore. Compared with previous studies in the eastern PRE, the general morphological characteristics of the LFZ on both sides of the PRE are similar. However they also show obvious differences. From east to west, the structure of the fault zone becomes more complex, with steped normal faults developed and the northern boundary fault moves northward a distance and changes into low angle normal fault with small fracture distance from steep normal fault with large break distance, and the low velocity anomaly in the fault zone gradually decreases. The results not only deepen the understanding of the shallow and deep structure of LFZ, but also provide a reference for the seismotectonics of the northern continental margin of South China Sea.
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图 1 华南陆块与南海北部陆缘地震活动及构造
台网记录地震数据来自中国地震台网;历史地震据陈恩民和黄咏茵(1984)及许振栋(2006);断裂及构造单元据程世秀等(2012), Zhu et al.(2012)和叶青等(2017)
Fig. 1. Seismicity and tectonics in and around the research area
图 4 反射地震剖面上的滨海断裂带形态
a、b、c分别对应S6、S3和MW测线,黄色圆圈代表OBS位置,测线位置见图 3
Fig. 4. Geometries of the LFZ desplayed on the reflection seismic profiles
图 9 OOS2010-1测线地壳速度结构
据曹敬贺等(2014a, 2014b),测线位置见图 3
Fig. 9. The crustal velocity structure of the seismic line OOS2010-1
图 10 台站地震剖面中记录的走时滞后现象
a.MW测线OBS12台站地震剖面;b.OOS2010-1测线担杆岛台地震剖,据曹敬贺等(2014b);c.OOS2004测线香港天文台铅矿凹台地震剖面,据夏少红等(2008b)
Fig. 10. The traveltime lag on seismic profiles
表 1 OBS台站震相拾取数量、走时拟合残差和卡方值
Table 1. Number of traveltimes, RMS misfit and normalized χ2 for different OBS stations
地震台站 分量 水深(s) 震相数 RMS(s) 卡方值 OBS08 hydrophone 35 1 213 0.066 1.327 OBS10 hydrophone 42 1 103 0.060 1.342 OBS11 hydrophone 45 1 166 0.068 1.224 OBS12 hydrophone 51 1 002 0.058 1.094 OBS13 hydrophone 55 1 127 0.053 1.086 OBS16 hydrophone 81 1 050 0.061 1.163 Total 6 661 0.061 1.204 表 2 各震相走时拟合残差和卡方值
Table 2. RMS misfit and normalized χ2 for different phases
震相 拾取震相数量 不确定度(ms) RMS(s) 卡方值 Pw 65 50 0.065 1.724 Ps 196 80 0.066 0.676 Pg1 3 330 50 0.066 1.759 Pg2 323 80 0.034 0.178 PmP 2 134 80 0.058 0.747 Pn 613 80 0.053 0.434 Total 6 661 0.063 1.287 表 3 珠江口两侧滨海断裂带不同层位低速异常值
Table 3. Low velocity anomaly at different layers in the Littoral Fault Zone at both sides of Pearl River Estuary
位置 沉积层低速异常ΔV(km/s) 上地壳低速异常ΔV(km/s) 下地壳低速异常ΔV(km/s) 珠江口西侧 0.2~0.5 0.1~0.3 0.1 珠江口东侧 0.8~0.9 0.3~0.4 0.2 -
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