Application of Geochemical Data in Analysis of Geological Background and Metallogenic Conditions: A Case Study of Northwest China
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摘要: 1：5万矿产地质调查中通常会优先部署地球化学调查工作，采样密度一般大于8点/km2，并分析多达38项地球化学指标，其主要目的是发现"矿致异常"，指导矿产勘查工作.而研究表明，区域地球化学数据是地表物质化学组成的直接反映，所以不仅包含了与成矿有关的异常信息，更包含了丰富的地质信息.在本次工作中应用中国西北干旱荒漠景观区1：5万地球化学调查数据成功识别了工作区地质体单元的分布.相比1：20万地质底图，通过clr-PCA分析提取出的1：5万地球化学数据信息展现了更多的细节：（1）地质体单元可以更为细致地划分为多个次级单元；（2）侵入体单元可以进行期次或岩相划分；（3）可为地质体单元的归属提供依据.本项研究结果成功指导了后续开展的1：5万地质调查工作，并对最终的1：5万地质图进行了验证，此外还提供了多处有利找矿线索.Abstract: In most 1:50 000 geological and mineral surveys, geochemical surveys are conducted first and sampling density is higher than 8 samples/km2, with up to 38 geochemical indices being analyzed, because the main purpose is to identify "ore causing anomalies" and to facilitate mineral exploration. However, it has been found in previous studies that regional geochemical data directly reflect the chemical composition of surface materials, which contain more extensive geological information than mere anomalies related to mineralization. Based on 1:50 000 geochemical surveys of arid desert landscapes in Northwest China. Geological units in the working area and their geochemical characteristics were studied and identified in this study. Compared to 1:200 000 geological maps, the results of the PC analysis performed on clr-transformed 1:50 000 geochemical data show more details:(1) some geological units could be further divided into multiple sub-units; (2) some intrusive rocks could be divided by phases or lithofacies characteristics; (3) could provide clues for the classification of geological units. The results of this study have been successfully used in the follow-up 1:50 000 geological mapping and verification of the final 1:50 000 geological map. Furthermore, the division of geological units and the identification of geochemical characteristics could provide information for excluding the geochemical anomalies which are irrelevant to mineralization.
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图 1 研究区地质简图及采样点位置、工作区地貌景观特征
地质底图来源:甘肃省地质局第二区域地质测量队(1972)石板井幅1:20万地质图
Fig. 1. Geological setting of study area and location of samples with 1:200 000 geological map, and landscape photograph
图 4 主成分分析主成分得分点位符号图
梯度界线采用累积频率方法确定(0%-5%-15%-25%-40%-60%-75%-85%-95%-100%).a.常量组分PC1得分（M-PC1）；b.常量组分PC2得分（M-PC2）；c.微量元素PC1得分（T-PC1），d.微量元素PC2得分（T-PC2），e.微量元素PC3得分（T-PC3），f.微量元素PC4得分（T-PC4）.地质图例同图 1
Fig. 4. Samples symbol images of PC scores of clr-transformed data with 1:200 000 geological map
图 5 主成分分析主成分得分点位符号
注释同图 4；地质底图来源中国地质科学院地球物理地球化学勘查研究所编制，尚未正式出版
Fig. 5. Samples symbol images of PC scores of clr-transformed data with 1:50 000 geological map
图 6 英云闪长岩野外露头、标本、薄片镜下照片
a, b.英云闪长岩野外露头照片；c.英云闪长岩手标本照片；d.英云闪长岩薄片镜下照片
Fig. 6. Field photographs and micrographs of tonalite
图 8 矿化露头照片
a, b.银铅多金属矿化露头；c, d.矽卡岩化、褐铁矿化. Fe+Ag+Pb.铁银铅矿化；ηγ.二长花岗岩；Ag+Pb.银铅矿化；sk.矽卡岩化；ls.灰岩；Gp.文石；Arg.粘土化
Fig. 8. Photographs of metallization
表 1 35个元素的分析方法及方法检出限
Table 1. The analytical methods and detection limits for 35 elements
元素 分析方法 检出限 SiO2 XRF 0.05 Al2O3 XRF 0.02 TFe2O3 XRF 0.02 MgO XRF 0.02 CaO XRF 0.02 Na2O XRF 0.04 K2O XRF 0.03 TiO2 XRF 0.02 Ag ICP-AES 0.016 As AFS 0.5 Au AAS 0.2 Ba ICP-AES 5 Be ICP-MS 0.08 Co ICP-MS 0.23 Cr ICP-MS 1.8 Cu ICP-MS 0.29 Cs ICP-MS 0.05 La ICP-MS 0.1 Li ICP-0ES 0.9 Mo ICP-MS 0.1 Mn ICP-MS 4 Ni ICP-MS 0.26 Pb ICP-MS 0.3 Rb ICP-MS 0.5 S XRF 50 Sb AFS 0.04 Sc ICP-MS 0.2 Sn ICP-AES 0.7 Sr ICP-AES 1 Th ICP-MS 0.3 U ICP-MS 0.04 V ICP-AES 4 W ICP-MS 0.11 Zn ICP-MS 0.3 Zr ICP-MS 0.6 注：①元素检出限的单位说明，SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、TiO2为%，Au为ng/g，其他元素为μg/g.②分析技术方法说明，XRF.熔片制样X射线荧光光谱法；AFS.原子荧光光谱法；ICP-MS.电感耦合等离子体质谱法；ICP-AES.电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法. 
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表 2 常量组分主成分分析结果
Table 2. Principal components of the origin and clr-transformed major oxide data
常量组分 原始数据 clr变换数据 PC1 PC2 PC1 PC2 TiO2 0.002 0.962 -0.219 0.938 SiO2 0.930 -0.096 0.865 0.021 Al2O3 0.892 0.302 0.888 0.340 TFe2O3 0.023 0.957 -0.170 0.939 MgO -0.630 0.330 -0.854 0.215 CaO -0.932 -0.165 -0.814 -0.215 K2O 0.791 -0.398 0.931 -0.214 Na2O 0.715 0.232 0.741 0.342 特征值 4.06 2.29 4.42 2.13 方差解释率(%) 50.80 28.62 55.26 26.68 解释方差总和(%) 50.80 79.42 55.26 81.14
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表 3 clr变换主成分分析结果解释
Table 3. Explanation of the two principal components extracted from the clr-transformed major oxide data
方差解释率(%) 组合关系 解释 55.26 ①MgO-CaO ①、②分别对应碳酸盐岩与花岗岩，元素组合呈现显著的反相关关系 ②SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O 26.68 ①TFe2O3-TiO2-(Na2O) TFe2O3-TiO2可能与中基性火山岩地层或侵入岩有关，也与部分矿化作用相关；而Na2O-K2O的对应与花岗岩的类型相关，CaO与碳酸盐岩相关 ②K2O-CaO
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表 4 微量元素主成分分析结果
Table 4. Principal components of the origin and clr-transformed trace element data
元素 原始数据 clr变换数据 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 Au -0.16 0.24 0.44 0.03 -0.04 0.35 -0.21 -0.28 0.68 -0.21 0.06 -0.13 Ag 0.17 0.30 0.58 -0.50 0.34 -0.16 0.03 0.14 0.64 -0.09 0.21 -0.07 As -0.03 0.28 0.49 0.22 -0.08 0.40 -0.19 -0.17 0.56 0.56 -0.16 -0.06 Ba 0.58 0.17 0.03 -0.07 -0.05 0.32 -0.19 0.68 -0.01 -0.03 0.01 -0.39 Be 0.77 0.36 -0.22 0.08 -0.04 -0.02 0.03 0.84 -0.32 -0.12 -0.02 -0.03 Co -0.65 0.64 -0.26 -0.06 0.05 0.03 -0.03 -0.84 -0.36 0.00 0.00 0.07 Cr -0.38 0.53 -0.14 0.30 0.58 0.13 0.05 -0.60 -0.28 0.19 -0.19 -0.11 Cs 0.61 0.36 -0.22 0.07 -0.03 0.07 -0.03 0.81 -0.23 -0.01 -0.16 -0.01 Cu -0.50 0.63 -0.03 -0.01 -0.15 -0.09 -0.13 -0.84 -0.11 0.22 -0.02 0.07 La 0.70 0.46 -0.16 0.11 -0.14 -0.02 0.12 0.79 -0.16 -0.10 -0.01 0.08 Li -0.15 0.56 -0.27 0.05 -0.11 0.09 -0.01 -0.30 -0.10 -0.46 -0.23 0.30 Mn -0.55 0.55 -0.17 -0.23 -0.16 0.05 0.02 -0.72 -0.18 0.01 0.39 0.06 Mo 0.05 0.41 0.42 0.30 -0.09 -0.57 -0.02 0.29 0.43 0.49 0.27 0.24 Ni -0.37 0.30 -0.11 0.34 0.71 0.11 0.11 -0.86 0.23 -0.06 -0.22 0.09 Pb 0.58 0.33 0.27 -0.37 0.20 0.02 0.06 0.85 0.04 -0.07 0.10 -0.08 Rb 0.87 0.17 -0.15 0.15 0.03 0.06 -0.05 0.91 -0.16 -0.06 -0.18 0.00 S -0.06 0.12 0.38 0.24 -0.15 0.37 0.57 -0.08 0.52 -0.12 -0.19 -0.17 Sb 0.07 0.23 0.39 0.28 0.00 -0.21 -0.41 0.13 0.54 0.57 -0.22 0.02 Sc -0.59 0.68 -0.25 -0.12 -0.14 0.06 -0.06 -0.80 -0.48 0.05 -0.02 0.12 Sn 0.48 0.38 -0.11 0.00 0.15 -0.13 0.09 0.65 0.11 -0.19 0.08 0.11 Sr -0.45 0.00 0.20 -0.04 -0.16 -0.11 0.53 -0.58 0.34 -0.46 0.28 -0.01 Te -0.08 0.28 0.32 0.26 -0.28 0.24 -0.07 -0.12 0.57 -0.19 0.00 -0.13 Th 0.80 0.21 -0.18 0.19 -0.03 -0.04 0.06 0.89 -0.09 -0.13 -0.13 0.18 U 0.33 0.56 0.15 0.33 -0.14 -0.26 0.24 0.30 0.50 -0.04 -0.07 0.67 V -0.57 0.65 -0.02 -0.03 -0.15 -0.21 -0.13 -0.88 -0.30 0.04 -0.04 0.04 W 0.51 0.37 0.29 -0.28 0.24 -0.03 0.00 0.72 0.06 0.35 -0.06 0.04 Zn 0.00 0.68 0.06 -0.41 -0.07 0.12 0.15 -0.07 -0.51 0.41 0.50 0.10 Zr 0.62 0.35 -0.22 -0.17 -0.13 0.11 -0.01 0.67 -0.58 0.12 0.12 -0.10 特征值 6.73 5.08 2.07 1.48 1.38 1.20 1.06 11.36 4.10 1.89 1.30 1.02 方差解释率(%) 24.05 18.14 7.40 5.30 4.93 4.29 3.77 40.60 14.63 6.77 4.65 3.65 解释方差总和(%) 24.05 42.19 49.58 54.89 59.82 64.11 67.88 40.60 55.23 62.00 66.65 70.30
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