Bioturbated Structures and Their Geochemical Features from the Zhushadong Formation of the Cambrian Series 2 in Dengfeng Area of West Henan
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摘要: 生物扰动在现代海洋沉积物地球化学循环中起着重要作用，它影响着底栖生物群落特性、有机物分解速率、海水化学性质、沉积物氧化还原性以及营养物循环.豫西登封地区寒武系第二统朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩发育了大量以Thalassinoides主导的扰动构造，对其进行碳和氮同位素测定，可以了解扰动生物对沉积物生物地球化学循环影响.测试结果表明，潜穴充填物和围岩中δ13Ccarb值区别显著，不同扰动程度也差异明显，而δ13Corg和δ15N值差异不大，反映出生物对沉积物的扰动改造可以改变沉积物的氧化还原性及孔渗性，这一变化可能与生物扰动引起沉积物孔隙水含氧量增高导致的自生碳酸盐岩比例降低和成岩期白云岩化的增强有关.Thalassinoides造迹生物对沉积物的扰动改造不仅改变了沉积物的原始物理化学信息，促进了海水与沉积物的生物地球化学循环，而且诱导了沉积底质革命，扮演了显生宙早期生态系统工程建造者的角色.Abstract: The bioturbation plays a critical role in modern marine biogeochemical cycling. It influences the character of benthic communities, decomposition rate of organic matter, chemical properties of seawater, redox properties of sediment and nutrient recycling. Abundant bioturbated structures dominated by Thalassinoides occur in carbonate rocks of the Cambrian Series 2 Zhushadong Formation in Dengfeng area of west Henan. The determination of carbon and nitrogen isotopes can help us to understand the influence of bioturbators reworking to sediment biogeochemical cycling. The determination results show that there is a great difference of δ13Ccarb value between the Thalassinoides burrow fillings and matrix, and it also displays a dramatic difference in different bioturbated intensity. But there exists a weak difference of δ13Corg and δ15N values between the Thalassinoides burrow fillings and matrix. The results mean that the sediment reworking of bioturbation can greatly change the redox property, porosity and permeability of sediments. The changes may be related to the decrease of the proportion of authigenic carbonates caused by the increase of oxygen content in sediment pore water and enhancement of dolomitization during diagenesis. The sediment mixing and reworking formed by Thalassinoides bioturbators not only have significantly changed the primary physical and chemical information and promoted the biogeochemical cycle between seawater and sediments, but also may have efficiently triggered the substrate revolution, acting as ecosystem engineers as well.
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Key words:
- Thalassinoides /
- bioturbated structure /
- biogeochemical cycling /
- carbon isotope /
- Zhushadong Formation /
- sediments
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图 1 河南华北型寒武系分区及剖面地层柱状图
Fig. 1. The stratigraphic regionalization and stratigraphic histogram of North China type Cambrian of Henan
图 3 朱砂洞组生物扰动构造宏观特征
图a、c、e为剖面照片，图b、d、f为层面照片；Tb为T形分支，Yb为Y形分支
Fig. 3. Macroscopic characteristics of bioturbated structures from the Zhushadong Formation
图 4 生物扰动构造显微特征
a.生物潜穴充填物为白云石，围岩主要由微晶方解石组成，散落有少量白云石晶体，50倍，单偏光；b.生物潜穴充填物为白云石，围岩由微晶方解石组成，偶尔可见颗粒细小的白云石，50倍，单偏光；c~d.生物潜穴充填物为白云石，围岩由微晶方解石组成，偶尔可见颗粒细小的白云石，100倍，单偏光
Fig. 4. Microscopic characteristics of the bioturbated structures
图 5 潜穴充填物与围岩碳氧同位素散点图
Fig. 5. Scatter diagram of δ13Ccarb and δ18O of burrow fillings and matrix
图 6 朱砂洞组生物扰动构造演化及碳、氮同位素变化
Fig. 6. The evolution of bioturbated structures and the changes of carbon and nitrogen isotopes from the Zhushadong Formation
图 7 朱砂洞组Thalassinoides扰动构造形成过程示意图
Fig. 7. The reworking process of bioturbated structures of Thalassinoides from the Zhushadong Formation
表 1 生物扰动指数划分
Table 1. Classification on scheme of bioturbation index
扰动等级 扰动量(%) 描述 0 0 无生物扰动 1 1~5 零星生物扰动，仅有极少清晰遗迹化石 2 6~30 生物扰动程度较低，沉积层理清晰，遗迹化石密度低 3 31~60 生物扰动程度中等，沉积层理界面清晰，遗迹化石轮廓清晰 4 61~90 生物扰动程度较高，沉积层理界面不清晰，遗迹化石密度高，并含有叠覆交叉现象 5 91~99 生物扰动程度强烈，沉积层理完全被破坏，但沉积物的再改造程度并不彻底 6 100 完全生物扰动，沉积物遭受彻底反复扰动 注：据Taylor and Goldring(1993)修改. 
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表 2 朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩样品无机碳氧同位素测试结果
Table 2. Testing results of δ13Ccarb and δ18O of carbonate rocks from the Zhushadong Formation
序号 样品编号 岩性 测试岩样 δ13Ccarb
(‰)δ18O(‰) 1 ZSD-1 白云岩 白云岩 －2.21 －7.58 2 ZSD-2 白云岩 白云岩 －1.99 －6.65 3 ZSD-3 白云岩 白云岩 －0.31 －6.11 4 ZSD-4 白云岩 白云岩 －1.00 －8.94 5 ZSD-5 白云岩 白云岩 －0.91 －10.19 6 ZSD-9 灰岩 灰岩 －0.85 －9.92 7 ZSD-10 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －1.07 －10.59 8 ZSD-10 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 －0.44 －8.35 9 ZSD-10 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －1.18 －10.84 10 ZSD-11 灰岩 灰岩 －0.84 －10.13 11 ZSD-12 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 －0.37 －9.06 12 ZSD-12 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －1.09 －11.10 13 ZSD-13-1 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 0.41 －7.95 14 ZSD-13-1 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －0.65 －11.19 15 ZSD-13-2 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 0.39 －7.55 16 ZSD-13-2 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －0.66 －10.47 17 ZSD-14-1 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 0.12 －8.13 18 ZSD-14-1 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －0.91 －10.82 19 ZSD-14-2 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 －0.17 －7.53 20 ZSD-14-2 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －0.61 －11.33 21 ZSD-15 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 0.02 －7.93 22 ZSD-15 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －0.64 －9.63 23 ZSD-16 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 －0.37 －7.81 24 ZSD-16 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －1.40 －11.36 25 ZSD-17 生物扰动灰岩 潜穴充填物 －0.63 －8.56 26 ZSD-17 生物扰动灰岩 围岩 －2.09 －11.47 27 ZSD-18-1 白云岩 白云岩 －1.02 －8.41 28 ZSD-18-2 白云岩 白云岩 －1.20 －8.73
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表 3 朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩样品有机碳和氮同位素测试结果
Table 3. Testing results of δ13Corg and δ15N of carbonate rocks from the Zhushadong Formation
序号 样品编号 岩性 测试岩样 δ13Corg
(‰)δ15N(‰) 1 ZSD-1 白云岩 白云岩 －27.86 -0.94 2 ZSD-2 白云岩 白云岩 -30.05 -1.26 3 ZSD-3 白云岩 白云岩 -29.39 -0.85 4 ZSD-4 白云岩 白云岩 -27.34 -1.01 5 ZSD-5 白云岩 白云岩 -28.81 -1.93 6 ZSD-9 灰岩 灰岩 -27.89 -2.09 7 ZSD-10 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -27.89 0.35 8 ZSD-11 灰岩 灰岩 -28.16 0.59 9 ZSD-12 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -27.14 -0.40 10 ZSD-13-1 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -28.84 -0.30 11 ZSD-13-2 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -28.62 -0.02 12 ZSD-14-1 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -28.34 -0.65 13 ZSD-14-2 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -27.45 -1.16 14 ZSD-15 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -28.51 -0.79 15 ZSD-16 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -27.16 -1.59 16 ZSD-17 生物扰动灰岩 全岩 -29.65 -1.31 17 ZSD-18-1 白云岩 白云岩 -29.21 -3.88 18 ZSD-18-2 白云岩 白云岩 -29.18 -
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