Secondary Alteration and Preservation of Ultra-Deep Ordovician Oil Reservoirs of North Shuntuoguole Area of Tarim Basin, NW China
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摘要: 塔里木盆地顺北地区超深层垂深为7 200~7 863.6 m的奥陶系一间房-鹰山组储层中发现了挥发油藏和轻质油藏，油藏赋存深度下限不断突破传统认识.使用地球化学方法研究了顺北地区不同断裂带油气藏的地球化学特征及蚀变作用.顺北地区不同断裂带原油均具有轻碳同位素特征，C23三环萜烷/C21三环萜烷>1，C28甾烷含量低的特点，三芴系列组成中具有较高含量的二苯并噻吩含量，表明与塔河原油具有相似的母源.（C21+C22）甾烷/（C27~C29）甾烷、C27重排/C27规则甾烷、甲基菲指数和二苯并噻吩系列成熟度表明顺北地区原油成熟度呈现1号断裂带（含分支断裂）≈3号断裂带>次级断裂带>5号断裂带>7号断裂的特征，原油成熟度受控于油藏初始静温.顺北地区奥陶系天然气均为湿气，天然气甲烷碳同位素分布范围为-50.7‰~-44.7‰，不同断裂带天然气成熟度的差异与不同断裂带原油成熟度的分布规律相似.顺北地区原油（4+3）甲基双金刚烷含量较低，分布范围为9.25~36.44 μg/g，指示原油裂解程度较低.原油中均可检测出完整系列的低聚硫代金刚烷，含量分布范围为0.76~18.88 μg/g，表明原油硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）弱，顺北地区天然气为湿气及甲烷碳同位素轻表明油气藏未遭受气侵作用.地温研究表明顺北地区地温梯度低，为2.12℃/100 m，埋深8 000 m的地层目前仅为160~170℃，地质历史时期，奥陶系地温未超过170℃，未达到原油大量裂解温度的门限.顺北地区奥陶系长期的低地温加之油气藏蚀变作用弱，是顺北地区奥陶系保持挥发油相的关键.Abstract: Volatile reservoir and light reservoir have been discovered in the ultra-deep Ordovician Yijianfang to Yingshan Formations with vertical depths ranging from 7 200 to 7 863.60 m from North Shuntuoguole area in the Tarim basin. The limit depth of oil phase occurring has been continuously challenging the traditional theory. This study focuses on geochemical characteristics and secondary alterations of reservoirs from different faults in North Shuntuoguole area. Most oils of different faults from North Shuntuoguole area are characterized by light carbon isotope, C23TT/C21TT > 1, lower C28 sterane content, relatively high abundance of dibenzothiophene, suggesting that the source rock of oil in the North Shuntuoguole area is similar to that of Tahe oilfield. Using (C21+C22) sterane/(C27~C29) sterane, C27 diasterane/C27 regular steane, MPI index, dibenthiophene series maturity, the oil maturity trend in the North Shuntuoguole area is No.1 fault (including splay fault) ≈No.3 fault > secondary fault > No.5 fault > No.7 fault. The oil maturity is controlled by the reservoir initial static temperature. The natural gas in North Shuntuoguole area is wet gas and has light methane carbon isotope, ranging from -50.7‰ to -44.7‰. The gas maturity trend in different faults is similar to that of the oil. The abundance of (4-+3-) methyldiamantane in the oils from different faults is in the range of 9.25-36.44 μg/g, indicating low degree of oil cracking. The lower thiadiamondoids can be detected in the oils, with content ranging from 0.76 to 18.88 μg/g, showing low degree of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The Ordovician reservoir has suffered little gas invasion from the natural gas characteristics. The formation temperature indicates the geothermal gradient in the North Shuntuoguole area is low, only about 2.12 ℃/100 m. The formation temperature of strata buried at 8 000 m depth at present is in the range of 160-170 ℃. The maximum paleo-geotemperature of Ordovician has never been higher than 170 ℃, without reaching the temperature threshold of great scale oil cracking. The long term of low geothermal environment combined with low degree secondary alteration is the key to the preservation of ultra-deep Ordovician volatile reservoir in the North Shuntuogule area.
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图 2 顺北地区T74时间T0图、主要走滑断裂和钻井井口位置叠合图
Fig. 2. The overlay diagram of uninterpreted coherence slice of surface T74 (top of Middle Ordovician), main strike-slip faults and well heads location of North Shuntuoguole area
图 3 顺北地区不同断裂带奥陶系油气藏流体相态图
a.顺北1-6H井；b.顺北5井；c.顺北7井
Fig. 3. The fluid phase of Ordovician reservoirs of different faults in North Shuntuoguole area
图 4 顺北地区不同断裂带奥陶系井流物组成
A.凝析气；B.挥发性油藏；C.黑油；D.低蒸发油；E.干气
Fig. 4. Ternary diagram showing fluid components of Ordovician reservoirs of different faults in North Shuntuoguole area
图 5 顺北地区奥陶系原油Pr/nC17、Ph/nC18之间的关系
Fig. 5. The relationship between Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18 ratios of Ordovician oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 6 顺北地区不同断裂带原油生标分布面貌
Fig. 6. The biomarker distribution of Ordovician oils from different faults in North Shuntuoguole area
图 7 顺北地区原油DBT/P与Pr/Ph之间的关系
Fig. 7. Plot of DBT/P versus Pr/Ph value of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 8 顺北地区原油三芴系列组成三角图
Fig. 8. Ternary plots showing the relative distribution of fluorine, dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophenen in oils fromNorth Shuntuoguole area
图 9 顺北地区原油单体碳同位素分布
Fig. 9. Distribution features of the compound specific carbon isotopic curves of n-alkanes of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 10 顺北地区原油C27规则甾烷/C27重排甾烷~（C21+C22）甾烷/（C27-C29）规则甾烷之间的关系
Fig. 10. The relationship between C27 dia/C27 regular steranes and (C21+C22) steranes/(C27-C29) steranes of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 11 顺北地区原油MPI1、F1比值之间的关系
Fig. 11. Plot of the MPI1 verus F1 of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 12 顺北地区原油4-MDBT/1-MDBT比值与(2-+3-)MDBT/1-MDBT比值之间的关系
Fig. 12. Plot of the 4-MDBT/1-MDBT versus (2-+3-)MDBT/1-MDBT of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 13 使用ln(C1/C2)与ln(C2/C3)参数划分顺北地区奥陶系天然气成因
图版据李剑等（2017）
Fig. 13. The Ordovician natural gas classification of North Shuntuoguole area using a plot of ln(C1/C2) and ln(C2/C3) with increasing of Ro value
图 14 顺北1-3井奥陶系原油中金刚烷质量色谱图
a.单金刚烷系列；b.双金刚烷系列
Fig. 14. The mass chromatograms of diamondoids of oils from Well SB1-3
图 15 顺北地区奥陶系原油中(4-+3-)MD含量与C29ααα20R含量之间的关系
Fig. 15. Plot of the concentrations of (4-+3-)MD versus C29ααα20R of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 16 顺北1-3井原油硫代金刚烷质量色谱图
a.硫代单金刚烷系列；b.硫代双金刚烷系列；c.硫代三金刚烷系列
Fig. 16. The mass chromatograms of thiadiamondoids of oils from Well SB1-3
图 17 顺北地区原油(4-+3-)MD和硫代金刚烷含量之间的关系
Fig. 17. Plot of the concentrations of (4-+3-) MD and thiadiamondoids of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
图 18 顺北地区不同断裂带原油芳烃成熟度4-MDBT/1-MDBT(a)、原油密度(b)与油藏初始静温之间的关系
Fig. 18. The plots of ratio of 4-MDBT/1-MDBT of aromatic maturity parameter versus reservoir initial static temperature (a), oil density versus reservoir initial static temperature of oils from different faults in the North Shuntuoguole area (b)
图 19 顺托果勒地区8 000 m统一深度现今地层温度分布
Fig. 19. The formation temperature at present at the depth of 8 000 m in Shuntuoguole area
表 1 顺北地区原油物性数据
Table 1. The physical property data of oils from North Shuntuoguole area
断裂带 井号 垂深(m) 密度
(g/cm3(20℃))黏度
(mPa·s(50℃))凝固点
(℃)含硫量(%) 气油比
(m3/t)1号断裂带 SB1-3H 7 255.70~7 357.89 0.794 0 2.54 -17.6 0.104 469 SB1 7 259.27~7 405.70 0.831 0 7.91 -14 0.032 / SB1-10H 7 299.50~7 768.16 0.798 2 2.82 -32 0.116 390 SB1-6H 7 288.16~7 399.75 0.794 3 2.30 -12.7 0.107 456 SB1-7H 7 339.36~7 456.00 0.797 0 2.80 -10.5 0.123 362 SB1-1H 7 458.00~7 557.66 0.791 6 2.40 -18.0 0.105 459 SB1-4H 7 459.00~7 561.96 0.797 0 2.70 -22.0 0.137 450 SB1-5H 7 474.52~7 576.19 0.798 0 2.90 -21.0 0.125 447 SB1-2H 7 469.00~7 569.47 0.795 0 2.62 -24.0 0.092 448 1号分支断裂带 SB1-8H 7 414.50~7 571.64 0.798 0 2.50 -12.8 0.105 451 SB1-9H 7 372.74~7 630.00 0.804 0 1.95 -17.0 0.108 451 次级断裂带 SBP1 7 376.63~7 751.57 0.811 7 4.05 0 0.161 SB2 7 348.60~7 487.11 0.810 0 3.07 -25.0 0.123 / 3号断裂带 SB3 7 520.00~7 870.08 0.814 3 7.91 -14 0.032 / 5号断裂带 SB5 7 315.00~7 650.64 0.829 0 4.97 -29.6 0.211 50 SB5-2 7 460.33~7 527.16 0.826 0 6.18 -32 0.189 65 7号断裂带 SB7 7 568.46~7 863.66 0.854 8 15.63 -8 0.128 / 
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表 2 顺北地区奥陶系油气藏PVT数据
Table 2. The PVT data of Ordovician reservoirs in North Shuntuoguole area
井号 顺北1-6 顺北5 顺北7 生产井段垂深(m) 7 288.16~7 399.75 7 315.00~7 650.64 7 568.46~7 863.66 层位 O2yj+O1-2y O2yj+O1-2y O2yj+O1-2y 油藏压力(MPa) 85.31 85.87 78.61 油藏温度(℃) 158.0 150.5 148.1 生产气油比(m3/m3) 264 56 73.85 饱和压力(MPa) 36.11 13.9 12.08 地饱压差(MPa) 49.20 71.97 66.53 临界压力Pc(MPa) 22.24 5.81 5.76 临界温度Tc(℃) 300.8 480.1 530.1 临界蒸发压力Pm(MPa) 36.93 14.37 13.67 临界凝析温度Tm(℃) 345.4 484.9 536.0
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表 3 顺北地区奥陶系油气藏天然气组成及碳同位素
Table 3. Molecular and carbon isotopic composition of associated gas from North Shuntuoguole Ordovician reservoirs
井号 垂深(m) C1/C1+ 天然气组分(%) δ13C (‰) CH4 C2H6 C3H8 iC4H10 C4H10 iC5H12 C5H12 N2 CO2 CH4 C2H6 C3H8 iC4H10 C4H10 SB1-3 7 255.70~7 357.89 0.87 83.73 6.99 3.25 0.71 1.04 0.27 0.24 1.16 2.59 -44.7 -33.3 -30.8 -34.2 -29.0 SB1-4 7 459.00~7 561.96 0.84 80.35 9.05 3.98 0.70 1.01 0.21 0.19 2.20 2.39 -47.0 -33.8 -31.6 -35.2 -29.4 SB1-8 7 414.50~7 571.64 0.85 74.04 7.83 3.38 0.60 0.92 0.22 0.22 1.81 10.43 -47.2 -33.8 -31.2 -31.9 -30.7 SB1-9 7 372.74~7 630.00 0.71 67.79 10.39 8.16 2.37 4.16 1.19 1.21 1.12 3.59 -46.6 -34.1 -31.9 -32.1 -31.1 SB3 7 520.00~7 870.08 0.64 61.16 15.85 11.58 2.21 3.92 0.76 0.67 0.76 3.00 -50.7 -34.3 -31.6 -33.2 -30.4 SB5 7 315.00~7 650.64 0.63 54.48 17.97 9.43 1.09 2.15 0.36 0.46 5.84 8.06 -48.9 -39.3 -35.6 -34.6 -33.4 SB7 7 568.46~7 863.66 0.52 46.89 20.92 14.78 1.41 4.92 0.59 0.97 1.85 6.90 -48.4 -39.0 -33.9 -33.6 -32.0
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表 4 顺北地区天然气硫化氢含量
Table 4. The H2S content of the natural gas from North Shuntuoguole area
井号 硫化氢含量均值(mg/m3) 样本数(个) SB1-3 5 835 7 SB1-6 10 032 8 SB1-7 6 074 5 SB1-1 14 515 41 SB1-4 9 796 13 SB1-5 7 221 7 SB1-2 8 076 5 SB1-9 2 736 21 SB1-8 531 22 SB1 10 1 SB5 87.26 15 SB7 7.40 1
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表 5 顺北地区不同时期油气藏静温、流温数据
Table 5. The static temperature and flow temperature of the Ordovician reservoirs of the North Shuntuoguole area during different periods
井号 完钻井深(m) 距T74垂深(m) 2017年年初 2017年年底 静温(℃) 流温(℃) 温差(℃) 静温(℃) 流温(℃) 温差(℃) SB1-2H 7 569 89 161.89 167.3 5.4 161.00 169.21 7.32 SB1-5H 7 576 98 160.70 166.9 6.2 152.82 168.33 15.51 SB1-4H 7 558 94 159.72 166.3 6.6 150.25 162.20 11.95 SB1-1H 7 456 83 158.40 163.6 5.2 158.22 171.45 12.23 SB1-7H 7 400 104 158.10 164.8 6.7 155.17 156.02 0.85 SB1-6H 7 358 99 157.06 167.2 10.2 159.90 161.29 1.39 SB1-3 7 497 101 155.37 164.4 9.1 151.19 163.87 12.68 平均值 7 497 95 158.75 165.8 7.1 157.75 165.79 8.85
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