Arid Fluvial Fandelta-Fluvial Fan Transition: Implications of Huangyangquan Fan Area
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摘要: 通过地表实地踏勘和浅层探槽解释，结合卫星照片解译，参考第四纪和历史地理研究结果，对准噶尔盆地西北缘黄羊泉扇的沉积特征及其第四纪以来的演变进行了分析.黄羊泉扇是一个发育在内陆干旱地区、以河流沉积为主的河流扇，扇体平面上呈上细下粗的“葫芦型”，可以划分为上扇、中扇和扇缘3个相带，沉积物具有由上扇向扇缘变细的趋势.扇上沉积动力以河流为主，缺乏泥石流沉积，但扇面活动水道不发育，大多数河道为偶尔才有径流通过的暂时性河道，风对扇表面的沉积物有明显的改造作用.黄羊泉扇扇缘发育4种不同的终止方式，一部分进入艾里克湖，一部分终止在沼泽地带，一部分在小型湖泊边缘消失，一部分受地形阻挡终止，与经典冲积扇和扇三角洲都不完全相同.结合前人历史地理研究成果认为第四纪以来黄羊泉扇所在的古玛纳斯湖出现过6次高湖平面，在30 ka以前，黄羊泉扇体一直处于古玛纳斯湖包围中，形成黄羊泉扇三角洲.直到30~10 ka期间才由于湖泊水位下降，扇体逐步出露形成河流扇.研究建立了黄羊泉扇随着湖平面升降从河流扇三角洲不断演化为河流扇的沉积模式，表明黄羊泉扇目前正处于河流扇三角洲沉积体系向河流扇沉积体系演变的过渡阶段.Abstract: This study focuses on the sedimentary characteristics of Huangyangquan fan through field investigation and trench excavation combined with satellite image interpretation and Quaternary geological as well as historical geography analysis. The authors suggest that the Huangyangquan fan is a fluvial fan developed in the inland arid area of northwestern Junggar basin margin, which is a gourd in plan metric shape and can be divided into three parts, namely, upper fan, middle fan and fan margin. The fan is dominated by fluvial deposits but not debris flow deposits. The channel is most of ephemeral with minor intermittent channel. The effect of wind on the sediment of fluvial fan surface is obvious. The fan is terminated in 4 types as into Eric lake, to the marshes, to the shore of small lakes and to an terrain block, these are all different to either of normal alluvial fan or fan deltas.Research shows that the ancient Manas lake appeared six times high level in the Quaternary. Before 30 ka, the fan was surrounded by ancient Manas lake as a fluvial fan delta system, after that time it changed gradually to be an fluvial fan due to the lake level down. The depositional model has been built based the historical geography research results to interpret the evolution of the fan from fluvial fan delta to fluvial fan system, and it shows the present Huangyangquan fan is in the transition period from fan delta to fluvial fan system.
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Key words:
- fluvial fan /
- fluvial fan delta /
- depositional model /
- Huangyangquan area /
- Manas lake /
- Junggar basin /
- sedimentary geology
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图 1 黄羊泉扇地质构造位置
a.准噶尔盆地西北缘的构造平面图，绿色方框显示图 1b所在位置；b.玛湖凹陷西北部以及黄羊泉扇构造位置；c.准噶尔盆地西北缘构造剖面
Fig. 1. Structure location of Huangyangquan fluvial fan
图 3 黄羊泉扇的形态与沉积相带分布
根据扇面河道形态和分布可以划分出上扇、中扇和扇缘三个相带.上扇辫状河道受限制较严重，中扇河道不受限制，扇缘河道化不强烈.上扇部分较为狭长，中扇扇面地形平坦开阔，扇缘部分沿径向延伸较短.蓝色线表示图 10各剖面的位置
Fig. 3. Sedimentary facies distribution of Huangyangquan fan
图 4 黄羊泉扇上扇河道形态与沉积特征
a.达尔布特河在限制性峡谷中流动，两岸多为石炭系火山岩；b.达尔布特河转向东南之后河道变宽，水深明显减小；c.4月份之后冰雪融化，河水不断上涨，溢岸和决口频繁发生；d.克拉苏河河水比较清澈；e.达尔布特河沉积物以粗砾为主，砾石呈次圆到次棱状；f.河漫滩地区常形成滞水洼地，发育泥裂；g.辫状河道带两侧平台的早期冲积扇砾石层，显示早期成岩作用形成的白色石膏沉淀；h.辫状河道带（照片右下部分）及其两侧的长条形台地
Fig. 4. Morphology and sedimentary characteristics of Huangyangquan fan
图 5 黄羊泉扇上扇相带达尔布特河砾质沉积剖面
a.黄羊泉扇上扇野外剖面；b.剖面素描与解释；c.百口泉组二段的岩心照片.沉积物以粗砾为主，砾石呈次园到次棱状，呈颗粒支撑结构，显示较明显的定向排列特征，发育粗糙的平行层理和交错层理
Fig. 5. Conglomerate deposits of upper fan facies of Huangyangquan fluvial fan
图 6 黄羊泉扇中扇相带沉积剖面与沉积物
a.下部为季节性河流形成的大型交错层理砾石层，上部为河道间漫流沉积的含砾细砂岩和粉砂岩，泥质含量高；b.河道间漫流沉积发育平行层理，砾石顺层面分布，沉积物泥质含量高；c.暂时性河道形成的交错层理含砾粗砂岩层；d.风对滩面上的沉积物进一步改造形成分选良好的支撑砾石层
Fig. 6. Conglomerate deposits of middle fan facies of Huangyangquan fluvial fan
图 7 黄羊泉扇中扇上部地区现代沉积剖面
Fig. 7. Modern sediment profile upper areas of middle Huangyangquan fan
图 8 黄羊泉扇下扇（滨湖）地区地貌与现代沉积特征
a.羊泉扇的东部推进到艾里克湖之中；b.黄羊泉扇部分在小型湖泊前终止（照片中部），部分终止在沼泽中（照片右上角）；c.黄羊泉扇西南缘部分地区，水道没有到达小艾里克湖而在离湖泊边缘一段距离消失，扇体在陆上终止；d.黄羊泉扇西部受地形限制突然终止；e.沉积物主要由含砾细砂、粉砂以及泥质沉积构成，含有零星细小砾石颗粒，部分地区滩面分布砾石层，砂泥质沉积分选较差; f.暂时性河道分布的盐沼; g.扇缘湖泊干涸后湖底暴露，沉积的黑色泥质沉积物脱水形成干裂; h.沿着退水水位线可见鱼类残体呈条带状分布
Fig. 8. Geomorphic and sedimentary characteristics of lower Huangyangquan fan (near the lake shore) area
图 9 从扇顶端到侧缘和前缘不同剖面的地形和扇面坡度变化及相带划分
Fig. 9. Cross-sections show the surface slope and the facies distribution along different directions from the apex of Huangyangquan fluvial fan
图 10 黄羊泉扇扇缘地区浅层暂时性河道沉积剖面
Fig. 10. Sedimentary profile of intermittent channel of Huangyangquan fan margin
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