Geological Features and Favorable Area Prediction of Shale Gas in Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation of Xuefeng Ancient Uplift and Its Periphery
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摘要: 雪峰古隆起边缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩具有良好的生烃和储集条件，是重要的页岩气勘探层位，但受多期构造运动改造，页岩气保存条件复杂，页岩气勘探一直未获突破.基于野外地质调查、钻探资料，结合有机地化分析测试等手段，对雪峰古隆起边缘即沅麻盆地及周缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气地质条件和勘探前景进行综合评价.研究表明：牛蹄塘组沉积于深水陆棚相，页岩有机碳含量TOC值普遍大于2.0%，一般在3.0%~5.0%之间；有机质类型为Ⅰ型；有机质成熟度2.17%~3.38%之间，平均为2.79%；页岩碎屑矿物平均含量77.25%；粘土矿物平均含量22.71%，硅质含量高，脆性较大，易于储层改造.综合地化、储层物性及保存条件等评价指标，提出沅麻盆地草堂凹陷及古隆起北缘凤凰-吉首-张家界一带为牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探有利区带.Abstract: The Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation shale at the edge of Xuefeng ancient uplift is favorable for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, and it is an important shale gas exploration target bed. But the preservation conditions of shale gas are very complex due to multistage tectonic activities, and no breakthrough has been made in shale gas exploration. Based on field geological survey and drilling data, combined with organic geochemistry analysis and test, it made a comprehensive evaluation of shale gas geological conditions and exploration prospect of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation at the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift, namely the Yuanma basin. Results show that the Niutitang Formation is mainly composed of deep-shelf deposits, the organic carbon content is generally more than 2.0% and between 3.0% and 5.0%, and the organic matter type is type Ⅰ. The maturity of organic matter is 2.17% to 3.38%, with an average of 2.79%. The average content of shale debris minerals is 77.25%, and the average clay mineral content is 22.71%. Due to the high silicon content and brittleness, the reservoir reformation is easy. Based on comprehensive evaluation indexes such as geochemistry, reservoir property and preservation conditions, it is proposed that the Caotang sag and Fenghuang-Jishou-Zhangjiajie belt at the northwestern edge of the ancient uplift are favorable for Niutitang Formation shale gas exploration.
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Key words:
- Xuefeng uplift /
- shale gas /
- Niutitang Formation /
- Lower Cambrian /
- geological features
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图 1 雪峰隆起大地构造位置及构造单元划分
据Li et al.(2014); Chu and Lin(2018)修改
Fig. 1. Geotectonic position and subdivision of tectonic units of the Xuefeng uplift
图 2 雪峰古隆起边缘寒武纪牛蹄塘期岩相古地理图
Fig. 2. Lithofacies paleogeography of the Niutitang epoch, Xuefeng ancient uplift
图 3 雪峰古隆起边缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩分布特征
井位、剖面见图 1中ABC
Fig. 3. Distribution characteristics of rich organic shale in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation at the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
图 4 雪峰古隆起边缘寒武系牛蹄塘组全岩矿物含量
Fig. 4. The content charts of whole rock minerals in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation at the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
图 5 雪峰古隆起边缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩孔隙类型
a.沥青质体表面球粒孔，湘张地1井1 950 m；b.有机质表面孔隙，孔径最大达80 nm，2015H-D5井1 620.7 m；c.粒间孔，湘吉地1井1 987.0 m；d.溶蚀孔，湘张地1井1 856.0 m；e.有机质内的矿物铸模孔，湘张地1井1 843.0 m；f.黄铁矿内的晶间孔，吉浅1井453.4 m；g.挤压碎粒孔，湘张地1井1 974.6 m；h.层间微裂缝，湘张地1井1 905.5 m
Fig. 5. Pore types of Niutitang Formation shale in the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
图 6 湘张地1井单井热史、埋藏史模拟
Fig. 6. Single well simulation of the thermal and burial history for Xiangzhangdi well 1
图 7 沅麻盆地过草堂凹陷和辰溪凹陷地层结构特征
剖面位置见图 1中DD′和EE′
Fig. 7. The stratigraphic architecture of the Caotang sag and Chenxi sag
图 8 湘吉地1井牛蹄塘组滑脱带岩心特征（a）及浸水实验（b）
Fig. 8. Core characteristics (a) and flooding experiment (b) of Niutitang Formation slip belt of Xiangjidi well 1
图 9 雪峰古隆起边缘寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩气有利区分布
Fig. 9. The favorable area distribution of Cambrian Niutitang Formation at the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
表 1 雪峰古隆起边缘牛蹄塘组储层物性特征
Table 1. Physical properties in Niutitang Formation at the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
样品来源 孔隙度(%) 渗透率(10-3 μm2) 样品数(件) 备注 沅陵刀背溪 (0.66~17.70)/10.86 (0.002 10~0.005 40)/0.004 20 4 吉浅1井 (1.08~8.04)/4.71 (0.001 83~0.009 36)/0.004 00 10 围压3.71 MPa 2015H-D5井 (1.01~4.40)/2.24 (0.000 38~0.018 40)/0.004 36 18 围压2.87 MPa 湘张地1井 (1.39~4.48)/2.43 (0.004 60~0.014 90)/0.008 70 14 花垣 (0.40~2.60)/1.20 (0.005 20~0.008 80)/0.006 00 / 周庆华等，2014 2015H-D1 (0.70~5.05)/2.30 (0.000 28~0.023 90)/0.002 38 15 湘吉地1井 (0.56~4.10)/1.17 (0.000 21~0.036 00)/0.004 38 14 注：孔隙度=（最小值~最大值）/平均值；渗透率=（最小值~最大值）/平均值. 
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表 2 雪峰古隆起边缘牛蹄塘组黑色页岩主要实验测试项目结果
Table 2. Results of major test items for the black shale of Niutitang Formation in the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
样品来源 层位 TOC(%) Ro(%) 解吸气含量
(m3/t)实测 张家界盐市 ∈1n 9(1.45~3.14)/2.10 / 实测 慈页1井 ∈1n 24(1.63~7.90)4.83 14(3.02~3.55)/3.28 0.01~0.13 孟凡洋，2018 沅陵军大坪 ∈1n 19(0.14~16.30)/7.50 (3.15~3.39)/3.23 实测 湘张地1井 ∈1n 29(1.19~10.50)/4.38 8(2.56~3.30)/3.00 0.12~1.59 实测 沅陵龙潭坪 ∈1n 14(1.31~12.36)/6.98 (2.23~2.68)/2.52 实测 桃源理公港 ∈1n 6(1.21~11.00)/5.30 / 实测 吉首龙鼻咀 ∈1n 16(1.58~8.99)/4.60 / 实测 古丈罗依溪 ∈1n 9(1.41~8.71)/3.60 / 实测 2015H-D5井 ∈1n 152(0.53~14.05)/3.06 2.06 0.05~0.51 实测 吉浅1井 ∈1n 52(1.26~9.34)/3.73 / 0.003~1.260 实测 吉首古者 ∈1n 6(0.12~13.95)/5.23 3(2.07~2.25)/2.17 实测 常页1井 ∈1n 32(0.06~17.60)/3.90 13(2.02~3.13)/2.60 0.5~2.1 林拓等，2014 四路溪 ∈1n (1.27~11.30)/4.91 / 实测 凤凰水打田 ∈1n 5.86 / 李启桂等，2016 2015H-D1 ∈1n 46(3.17~14.80)/7.60 / 0.002 3~1.056 7 实测 沅陵刀背溪 ∈1n 15(0.41~16.30)/5.90 / 实测 溆浦水隘 ∈1n 17(0.84~20.24)/7.47 (2.41~2.72)/2.62 实测 安化烟溪 ∈1n 12(3.55~18.16)/7.30 / 实测 注：TOC(%)=样品数（最大值~最小值）/平均值；Ro(%)=样品数（最大值~最小值）/平均值.
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表 3 吉浅1井下寒武统牛蹄塘组有机质类型分布
Table 3. Organic matter types of Niutitang Formation shale in the edge of the Xuefeng ancient uplift
原编号 深度
（m）腐泥组(%) 镜质组(%) 惰质组(%) 类型指数 浮游藻类体 腐泥无定形体 小计 富氢镜质体 正常镜质体 小计 丝质体 15JSQ-8R 810.66 / 91 91 / 1 1 8 82.25 15JSQ-10R 500.38 / 93 93 / / / 7 86.00 15JSQ-12R 495.90 / 94 94 / / / 6 88.00 15JSQ-16R 484.25 / 96 96 / / / 4 92.00 15JSQ-17R 481.35 / 95 95 / / / 5 90.00 15JSQ-20R 472.95 / 97 97 / / / 3 94.00 15JSQ-23R 146.63 / 92 92 / / / 8 84.00 15JSQ-25R 453.40 / 93 93 / 1 1 6 86.25 15JSQ-30R 436.80 / 94 94 / / / 6 88.00 15JSQ-35R 416.80 / 91 91 / / / 9 82.00 15JSQ-39R 407.30 / 92 92 / 1 1 7 84.25 15JSQ-43R 394.40 / 90 90 / 1 1 9 80.25 15JSQ-46R 386.12 / 92 92 / / / 8 84.00 15JSQ-50R 372.90 / 92 92 / / / 8 84.00 15JSQ-55R 350.00 / 94 94 / / / 6 88.00 15JSQ-57R 346.10 / 92 92 / / / 8 84.00 15JSQ-59R 331.33 / 93 93 / / / 7 86.00 15JSQ-62R 323.93 / 93 93 / 1 1 6 86.25 15JSQ-71R 296.20 / 94 94 / / / 6 88.00 15JSQ-74R 288.15 / 92 92 / / / 8 84.00 15JSQ-78R 276.20 / 93 93 / 1 1 6 86.25 15JSQ-86R 239.30 / 94 94 / / / 6 88.00 15JSQ-90R 200.00 / 92 92 / 1 1 7 84.25
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