Crust-Mantle Interaction in Continental Subduction Zones
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摘要: 由板块俯冲引发的深部物质循环过程是地球内部的一级运行机制，主宰了地球从内到外的演化进程，是地球科学研究的重要前沿.俯冲带化学地球动力学研究不仅需要确定俯冲带地壳物质再循环的机制和形式，而且需要确定俯冲带动力来源和热体制及其随时间的变化.为了识别不同类型壳源熔/流体对地幔楔的交代作用、寻求板片-地幔界面反应的岩石学和地球化学证据、理解汇聚板块边缘地壳俯冲和拆沉对地幔不均一性的贡献，我们必须将俯冲带变质作用、交代作用和岩浆作用作为一个地球科学系统来考虑.板块俯冲带变质过程中发生一系列物理化学变化，这些变化不但是导致板块进一步俯冲的主要驱动力，同时也控制着释放的熔/流体组成和俯冲到地球深部的物质组成，对俯冲带化学地球动力学过程产生重要影响.地幔楔作为俯冲系统中连接俯冲盘和仰冲盘的关键构造单元，在地球层圈之间物质循环和能量交换等方面起着重要作用.造山带地幔楔橄榄岩直接记录了俯冲带多种性质的熔/流体交代作用，以及复杂的壳幔物质循环过程.俯冲带岩浆岩是大洋/大陆板块俯冲物质再循环的表现形式，这些岩石样品记录了俯冲带从深部地幔到浅部地壳的过程，也为认识地球深部物质循环提供了理想的天然样品.尽管国际上在俯冲带岩石学和地球化学领域针对地球深部过程的研究方面取得了多项重要进展，但由于研究工作缺乏密切的协同配合，包括俯冲带熔/流体的物理化学性质、俯冲带壳幔相互作用的机制和过程、俯冲带幔源岩浆活动的物质来源和启动机制以及深部地幔过程对地表环境的影响等许多关键科学问题尚未得到根本解决.将来的研究需要聚焦俯冲带物质循环这一核心科学问题，进一步查明俯冲带变质作用、交代作用、岩浆作用等过程的各自特征和相互联系，包括挥发性组分在地球深部的迁移过程及其资源和环境效应，着力考察研究相对薄弱的古俯冲带，阐明板块俯冲与地球深部物质循环之间的耦合机制.Abstract: The recycling of crustal material into the mantle by subduction is the first-order mechanism of Earth's interior. In order to decipher the crustal-mantle interaction in subduction zones,it is important to distinguish different types of metasomatism by subducting crust-derived fluids such as aqueous solutions and hydrous melts to the mantle wedge. For this purpose,various lines of petrological and geochemical evidence have been used to determine the physicochemical properties of subduction zone fluids at the slab-mantle interface in subduction channels. In doing so,it is critical to determine how crustal rocks underwent metamorphic dehydration and partial melting at mantle depths. After incorporation of subduction zone fluids into the mantle wedge,different compositions of mantle metasomatites were generated in the mantle wedge to result in mantle heterogeneities. As soon as these metasomatites underwent partial melting,mafic igneous rocks were produced with both petrological and geochemical signatures of the subducted crust and the mantle wedge. In this regard,such processes as metamorphism,metasomatism and magmatism in subduction zones are the keys to the recycling of crustal material at convergent plate boundaries. The mantle wedge is the key lithotectonic unit linking the subducting slab and the obducting plate and thus plays an important role in the material transport and energy exchange in the subduction system. The orogenic mantle wedge peridotite directly records different types of crustal metasomatism in subduction zones. Subduction zone magmatism is the manifestation for recycling of subducted oceanic and continental rocks. These rocks witness the processes of magmatic melts from the mantle wedge to crustal levels above subduction zones,providing the natural samples to decode indirectly the crustal recycling at convergent plate boundaries. Although there are many advances in the study of subduction zones with respect to the crust-mantle interaction,such three processes as metamorphism,metasomatism and magmatism in subduction zones are still the most important targets in the deep Earth science. Many key problems cannot be resolved if no sufficient attention is paid to an integrated study of these three aspects. Such problems include the physiochemical properties of subduction zone fluids,the mechanism and process of crust-mantle interaction,the material source and triggering mechanism of mantle-derived magmatism above subduction zones,and the impact of deep mantle process on the shallow crustal environments. The future research needs to focus on the key question of material recycling in subduction zones,and take the metamorphism,metasomatism and magmatism in subduction zones as a whole in the framework of Earth system science. This concerns the transport process and the resource and environmental effects of volatile components,and clarify the coupling mechanism of plate subduction and material recycling in deep Earth by intensive studies of paleo-subduction zones.
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图 1 大陆俯冲深度与变质指示矿物对应关系示意图
修改自郑永飞等(2015)
Fig. 1. Metamorphic index minerals indicate depths of crustal subduction at convergent plate boundaries
图 2 大陆俯冲隧道中壳幔相互作用示意图
修改自郑永飞等(2013).大陆地壳俯冲到地幔过程中释放流体交代上覆地幔楔橄榄岩，形成富集不相容元素的地幔交代岩
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram showing the crust-mantle interaction in continental subduction channel
图 3 大陆俯冲带板片-地幔楔界面两侧岩石组合的“三明治”结构示意图
修改自郑永飞等(2015)
Fig. 3. The sandwich structure of lithological associations at the slab-mantle interface in continental subduction zones
图 4 大陆俯冲隧道内板片-地幔楔界面过程示意图
修改自郑永飞等(2013).大陆碰撞过程中在俯冲隧道板片界面发生两种过程：(1)物理混合，形成由变质岩组成的构造混杂岩；(2)化学反应，俯冲地壳释放的熔/流体交代上覆岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram for the slab-mantle interface in continental subduction channel
图 5 俯冲带不同深度流体组成特征及对地幔楔交代的影响
修改自Zheng(2019)
Fig. 5. The composition of subduction zone fluids and their metsomatism to the mantle wedge in subduction zones
图 6 柴北缘绿梁山造山带橄榄岩造岩矿物氧同位素组成
Fig. 6. The oxygen isotope composition of rock-forming rocks in orogenic peridotite from Lüliangshan in North Qaidam
图 7 大别-苏鲁造山带M型橄榄岩及相关岩石中锆石O和Hf同位素与年龄相关图解
Fig. 7. The relationships between O-Hf isotope compositions and U-Pb ages for zircon from M-type peridotites and related rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt
图 8 大陆俯冲带超高压白片岩镁和氧同位素组成图解
修改自Chen et al.(2016).白片岩经受了富镁流体的交代作用，流体来源于蛇纹石化橄榄岩在弧下深度的脱水，属于幔源流体.因此，在俯冲带深部存在幔源流体对地壳岩石的反向交代作用
Fig. 8. The Mg and O isotope compositions of UHP whiteschist from the continental subduction zone in western Alps
图 9 碰撞造山带镁铁质岩浆岩矿物稀有气体同位素组成图解
修改自Dai et al.(2016a).俯冲地壳可以将水及其溶解的大气组分稀有气体同位素信息带入地幔，并最终以镁铁质岩浆岩的形式重新返回到地表，实现地表物质再循环
Fig. 9. The noble gas isotope compositions of mafic minerals from mafic igneous rocks in the Dabie orogen
图 10 板片俯冲、熔/流体交代与岩浆岩地球化学组成间的联系示意图
修改自Zheng(2019).大洋板块俯冲到大陆岩石圈之下的过程中交代地幔楔，地幔楔变得越来越大，在弧后区域形成大地幔楔.俯冲洋壳在不同深度释放微量元素存在巨大差异的熔/流体交代地幔楔，从而形成岛弧型和洋岛型微量元素组成特征的镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram showing the petrogenetic linkage between slab subduction, fluid metasomatism and mafic magmatism above oceanic subduction zones
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