Differences and Genesis of High-Quality Reservoirs of Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Rocks in the Es12 around Bozhong Depression, Bohai Sea
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摘要: 渤海海域环渤中地区沙一二段发育混积岩储层，其中发现了大量的油气，但储层物性差异较大，非均质性较强，其差异及成因方面的研究较少，严重制约了该类型储层的进一步勘探评价.利用钻井及常规物性、铸体薄片、全岩、黏土矿物等分析化验资料，探讨了环渤中地区沙一二段混积岩优质储层的差异及成因.研究结果表明：（1）环渤中地区沙一二段发育以生物碎屑为主的混积岩、以陆源碎屑为主的混积岩和以化学沉淀碳酸盐为主的混积岩储层，前2类储层中发育大量的螺壳和介壳.其中，生物碎屑为主的混积岩储层以生物体腔孔为主，白云石化作用强，物性最好；陆源碎屑为主的混积岩储层以溶蚀孔为主，生物体腔孔和原生孔次之，泥晶包壳发育、白云石化作用强、含大量中酸性火山岩岩屑、埋藏浅的储层物性好；化学沉淀碳酸盐为主的混积岩储层方解石胶结作用强，物性较差.不同构造混积岩储层类型及物性具有明显的差异性.（2）研究区混积岩储层差异主要受母岩类型、基底岩性、沉积水体环境、沉积相、大气淡水淋滤、埋深压实作用、胶结作用、溶解作用以及构造作用的共同控制，但每个构造的优质储层均具有独特的控制因素组合.非碳酸盐岩母岩区，原生沉积期-火成岩基底、含大量生物碎屑混积岩，准同生期-大气淡水淋滤、早期白云石化，以及深埋藏期-强溶解、裂缝发育是环渤中坳陷沙一二段混积岩优质储层形成的共性.混积岩优质储层差异及成因分析为陆相断陷湖盆中深部油气勘探和评价过程中优质储层的预测具有重要的借鉴意义.Abstract: The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock reservoirs are developed in the Es12 around Bozhong depression, Bohai Sea, in which a large amount of oil and gas have been found. The reservoir physical properties show great differences, and strong heterogeneity. However, there are few studies on the differences and causes, restricting further exploration evaluation of this type of reservoir. In this paper, the differences and genesis of the high-quality reservoirs of the Es12 around Bozhong depression in Bohai Sea are discussed based on the data analyses of drilling, conventional physical properties, casting thin sections, whole rocks and clay minerals. The results show follows. (1) There are three types of reservoirs, namely bioclastic-based mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks dominated by terrigenous clastics, and mixed-rock reservoirs dominated by chemically precipitated carbonates, respectively, in Es12 around Bozhong area. A large number of snail and ostracod fossils are developed in the first two types of reservoirs. Among them, the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock reservoir dominated by bioclastic development has a large number of biological cavity pores, and the dolomitization has strong effect and the best physical properties. The mixed rock reservoir dominated by terrigenous clastics is mainly composed of dissolution pores, followed by biological cavity and primary pores, which is characterized by the development of mud-crystal cladding, strong dolomitization, containing a large amount of intermediate-acid volcanic rock debris, and shallow buried reservoirs have good physical properties. Calcite in cemented rock reservoirs dominated by chemical precipitation has strong cementation and poor physical properties. There are obvious differences in reservoir types and physical properties of different structural aggregate rocks. (2) The differences of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock reservoirs in the study area are mainly controlled by the parent rock type, basement lithology, sedimentary water environment, sedimentary facies, atmospheric freshwater leaching, buried depth compaction, cementation, dissolution and tectonic action. However, each constructed high quality reservoir has an independent combination of control factors. Non-carbonate mother rock area, the primary sedimentary period-igneous rock base, a large amount of bioclastic mixed rock, quasi-syngenetic period-atmospheric freshwater leaching, early dolomization, and deep burial period-strong dissolution, fracture development is the commonality of the formation of high-quality mixed rock reservoirs of the Es12 around Bozhong depression. The high-quality reservoir differences and genesis analysis of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock are important for the prediction of high-quality reservoirs in the middle and deep oil and gas exploration and evaluation process of continental fault basins.
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图 1 研究区位置（a）及地层综合柱状图（b）
Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphic histogram of the study area
图 2 研究区混积岩岩石学特征
Fig. 2. Petrological characteristics of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rocks in the study area
图 3 混积岩储层物性特征
a.孔隙度与渗透率交会图；b.孔隙度与深度关系图；c.渗透率与深度关系图；d.孔隙度分布频率直方图；e.渗透率分布频率直方图
Fig. 3. Physical properties of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock reservoirs
图 4 研究区混积岩储层储集空间微观特征
a.生屑质砾岩，砾间发育生物体腔孔（原生和溶解形成），QHD29-1井，3 311.50 m，单偏光；b.含生屑砂质砾岩，岩屑边缘溶蚀，长石内部溶蚀形成溶蚀孔、铸模孔，QHD29-1井，3 331.50 m，单偏光；c.含生屑砾质砂岩，原生孔、铸模孔、生物体腔孔、溶蚀孔，QHD29-2井，3 362.00 m，单偏光；d.含生屑砂岩，溶蚀孔，QHD29-1井，3 406.00 m，单偏光；e.生屑白云岩，生物体腔孔（包括原生和溶解形成），BZ13-c井，4 095.90 m，单偏光；f.含陆屑生屑白云岩，粒间白云石溶解，粒间溶蚀孔，BZ13-c井，4 095.90 m，单偏光；g.含陆屑生屑白云岩，生物体腔孔，岩屑溶蚀孔，QHD29-2井，3 433.00 m；h.陆屑质白云岩，岩屑、长石、白云石等溶解形成的溶蚀孔（粒内、粒间），QHD29-2井，3 375.37 m，单偏光
Fig. 4. Microscopic characteristics of reservoir space in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate rock reservoirs in the study area
图 5 研究区基底性质与混积岩优质储层的关系
Fig. 5. Relationship between basement properties of the study area and high-quality reservoirs of mixed rocks
图 6 研究区母岩类型与混积岩储层物性的关系
a.火山岩岩屑含量与面孔率的关系；b.长石含量与溶蚀孔的关系；c.火山岩岩屑被强烈溶蚀，长石溶蚀呈蜂窝状，溶蚀孔大量发育；d.碳酸盐岩岩屑含量与胶结物的关系；e.碳酸盐岩岩屑含量与面孔率的关系；f.碳酸盐岩岩屑为主，粒间被方解石大量充填，孔隙不发育
Fig. 6. Relationship between parent rock types and physical properties of mixed rock reservoirs in the study area
图 7 研究区沉积作用与混积岩储层的关系
a.微量元素分析，参考张藜等(2019)；b.泥晶包壳与压实孔隙度的关系, 参考解习农等(2018)；c.沉积微相、岩性、杂基与物性的关系
Fig. 7. Relationship between sedimentation in the study area and the reservoir of the mixed rock
图 8 研究区大气淡水淋滤特征
a.长石溶蚀形成的铸模孔，QHD29-1井，3 406.00 m；b.扫描电镜下长石沿解理缝溶蚀，形成粒内溶蚀孔，QHD29-2井，3 325.00 m；c.阴极发光下颗粒间充填大量的高岭石（靛蓝色），QHD29-2井，3 375.08 m；d.镜下钟乳状胶结，胶结物具单向加厚的特点，QHD29-2井，3 382.34 m，单偏光；e.岩心上发育明显的淋滤缝，缝中充填渗滤黏土，砾石周围被高岭石充填，QHD29-2井，3 375.45~3 375.60 m；f.砾石边缘被蚀变高岭石充填，边缘不完整，自形差，碎片状，晶粒小，QHD29-2井，3 374.31 m；g.白云石被高岭石包裹，表明粒间高岭石形成时间晚于白云石，QHD29-2井，3 372.95 m，扫描电镜；h.不同构造碳、氧同位素分布特征
Fig. 8. Atmospheric freshwater leaching characteristics in the study area
图 9 研究区成岩作用特征
a.生屑云岩，螺壳保存完整，抗压实能力强，体腔孔发育，BZ13-b井，4 096.00 m，单偏光；b.生屑云岩，介壳保存完整，抗压实能力强，体腔孔发育，BZ13-b井，4 095.90 m，单偏光；c.含云砂砾岩，泥晶白云石包壳具有抗压实作用，颗粒点-凹凸接触，保留部分原生孔隙，BZ13-b井，4 103.60 m，单偏光；d.铁白云石胶结，孔隙被充填，BZ27-2井，3 792.45 m，单偏光；e.铁方解石胶结，充填孔隙或交代颗粒，BZ27-2井，3 782.22 m，单偏光；f.方解石和白云石胶结，方解石和白云石充填孔隙，QHD29-1井，3 387.00 m，正交光；g.黏土矿物胶结，粒间被丝片状伊利石充填，BZ27-2井，3 789.95 m，扫描电镜；h.黏土矿物胶结，粒间充填白云石和高岭石，QHD29-2井，3 340.78 m，扫描电镜；i.黄铁矿胶结，白云石充填孔隙，QHD29-2井，3 371.93 m，扫描电镜；j.泥晶白云石包壳，环绕砾石及砾间碎屑颗粒，抗压实作用明显，QHD29-2井，3 377.33 m，阴极发光；k.白云石胶结及溶解，白云石呈泥晶包壳环绕颗粒并呈亮晶充填孔隙，并发生溶蚀，QHD29-2井，3 453.00 m，正交光；l.微裂缝，靠近微裂缝的位置溶蚀现象明显，BZ27-2井，3 788.01 m，单偏光
Fig. 9. Diagenesis characteristics of the study area
图 10 研究区混积岩储层中胶结物与物性的关系
a.白云石与孔隙度的关系；b.方解石与孔隙度的关系；c.铁白云石与面孔率的关系；d.铁方解石与面孔率的关系；e.黄铁矿与面孔率的关系；f.黏土矿物与孔隙度的关系
Fig. 10. Relationship between cement and physical properties in mixed rock reservoirs in the study area
表 1 研究区混积岩储层埋深、厚度、基岩、古地貌、母岩、物性统计
Table 1. Statistics of buried depth, thickness, bedrock, paleogeomorphology, parent rock and physical properties of mixed rock reservoirs in the study area
位置 埋深(m) 厚度(m) 基底岩性 古地貌 母岩类型 孔隙度/平均值(%) 渗透率/平均值(10-3μm2) 秦皇岛29 3 212~3 501 298 砂砾岩 陡坡带、断层下降盘 中酸性火山岩 0.5~34.6/17.1 0.1~767.5/24.4 渤中27 3 690~3 938 248 砂砾岩 陡坡带断层下降盘 花岗岩、中酸性火山岩、碳酸盐岩 0.5~32.7/9.0 0.1~4.3/0.2 渤中29 2 354~2 381 27 砂砾岩 陡坡带断层下降盘 碳酸盐岩为主 0.4~36.9/14.2 0~1 038.2/64.7 秦皇岛36 3 759~3 833 74 泥岩 局部隆起 中酸性火山岩 2.3~40.1/26.5 0.02~2 350.2/410.5 渤中13 4 095~4 111 16 砂砾岩与火山岩 局部隆起叠合缓坡带 中酸性火山岩 4.1~37.5/22.3 0.02~992.8/176.5 
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表 2 研究区混积岩储层中胶结物和方解石脉的碳、氧同位素统计
Table 2. Carbon and oxygen isotope statistics of cement and calcite veins in the mixed rock reservoirs of the study area
构造 井号 深度(m) 岩性 测试位置 δ13CPDB(‰) δ18OPDB(‰) 古温度(℃) 秦皇岛29 QHD29-1 3 451.00 亮晶生屑白云岩 胶结物 -2.40 -15.20 92.10 QHD29-1 3 457.20 亮晶生屑白云岩 胶结物 -3.30 -14.10 85.82 QHD29-2 3 368.41a 细砂岩 胶结物 2.00 -0.50 16.13 QHD29-2 3 368.41b 细砂岩 方解石脉 0.30 -15.80 95.57 QHD29-2 3 368.42a 细砂岩 方解石脉 2.00 -0.70 17.05 QHD29-2 3 368.42b 细砂岩 胶结物 0.70 -15.30 92.68 QHD29-2 3 368.43a 细砂岩 方解石脉 2.10 -0.40 15.67 QHD29-2 3 368.43b 细砂岩 胶结物 0.60 -16.20 97.90 QHD29-2 3 369.57a 含生屑砂岩 胶结物 1.40 -2.20 24.03 QHD29-2 3 369.57b 含生屑砂岩 方解石脉 0.60 -15.50 93.83 QHD29-2 3 373.68 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 1.90 -1.10 18.89 QHD29-2 3 375.87 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 0.90 -4.20 33.62 QHD29-2 3 380.55 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 -0.20 -7.60 50.66 QHD29-2 3 381.94 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 -0.30 -10.00 63.25 QHD29-2 3 382.34 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 -0.60 -10.40 65.39 QHD29-2 3 383.17 含生屑粗砂岩 胶结物 0.60 -8.50 55.33 QHD29-2 3 385.17 含生屑砂砾岩 胶结物 -1.10 -11.30 70.26 QHD29-2 3 385.20 含生屑砾岩 胶结物 -1.40 -11.10 69.17 渤中13 BZ13-b 4 095.07a 生屑白云岩 生物体腔内充填物 -2.54 -18.15 109.40 BZ13-b 4 095.07b 生屑白云岩 生物体腔内充填物 -0.50 -13.32 81.43 BZ13-b 4 095.07c 生屑白云岩 生物体腔 1.34 -10.82 67.65 BZ13-b 4 105.75a 生屑白云岩 粒间孔隙充填物 -4.14 -6.36 44.33 BZ13-b 4 105.75b 生屑白云岩 颗粒外包壳 1.60 -4.74 36.26 BZ13-b 4 105.75c 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 -0.39 -8.59 55.78 BZ13-b 4 105.75d 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 0.72 -6.49 45.02 BZ13-b 4 105.75e 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 -0.14 -8.90 57.43 BZ13-b 4 105.75f 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 0.42 -6.82 46.67 BZ13-b 4 105.75g 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 0.95 -0.54 16.29 BZ13-b 4 105.75h 生屑白云岩 生物从内至外不同圈层 1.00 -0.52 16.24 秦皇岛36 QHD36-1 3 766.50 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.00 -3.10 28.31 QHD36-1 3 766.75 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.00 -3.00 27.83 QHD36-1 3 766.90 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.30 -3.00 27.83 QHD36-1 3 767.06 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.40 -3.10 28.31 QHD36-1 3 767.38 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.00 -2.90 27.35 QHD36-1 3 676.50 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.00 -2.60 25.92 QHD36-1 3 676.70 生屑白云岩 胶结物 4.00 -3.20 28.79 QHD36-1 3 768.03 生屑白云岩 胶结物 3.70 -2.70 26.40 注：古温度T=13.85-4.54×δ18OPDF+0.04×(δ18OPDF)2；据Keith and Weber（1964）；表中上标a~h是指不同测试位置.
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表 3 研究区混积岩储层成岩作用强度统计（单位：%）
Table 3. Diagenesis intensity of mixed rock reservoirs in the study area (%)
位置 初始孔隙度/平均值 压实作用 胶结作用 溶解作用 损失孔隙度/平均值 损孔率/平均值 损失孔隙度/平均值 损孔率/平均值 增加孔隙度/平均值 增孔率/平均值 秦皇岛29 25.1~34.1/30.0 0.2~28.4/10.1 0.5~96.6/35.8 1.1~28.0/15.0 3.7~99.4/53.0 0.0~18.1/7.0 0.0~66.5/26.0 渤中27 27.1~36.0/30.2 0.5~31.9/17.5 2.1~99.5/57.6 0.2~31.5/13.4 0.1~92.7/44.0 1.8~13.1/7.0 7.5~45.4/25.0
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表 4 研究区混积岩储层胶结物含量、孔隙度统计（单位：%）
Table 4. Cement content and porosity of mixed rock reservoir in research area (%)
位置 方解石/平均值 白云石/平均值 铁白云石/平均值 黏土矿物/平均值 黄铁矿/平均值 孔隙度/平均值 秦皇岛29 0~69.0/4.0 0~86/42.8 0 2.0~76.0/9.9 0~26.0/2.9 0.5~34.6/17.1 渤中27 0~59.0/13.1 0~66/6.1 0~63.0/10.2 2.0~28.0/10.8 0~3.0/0.5 0.5~32.7/9.0 渤中29 0~90.0/26.3 3.0~95.0/36.0 0 / 0 0.4~36.9/14.2 秦皇岛36 1.0~73.0/9.7 4.0~89.0/63.4 0 2.0~27.0/6.0 0 2.3~40.1/26.5 渤中13 0 88.0~96.0/91.0 0 1.0~2.0/1.6 0~2.0/0.4 4.1~37.5/22.3
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