Spatial-Temporal Framework of Shiquanhe-Laguoco-Yongzhu-Jiali Ophiolite Mélange Zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Its Tectonic Evolution
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摘要: 青藏高原中部狮泉河-拉果错-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带（简称SYMZ）位于班公湖-怒江缝合带与雅鲁藏布江缝合带之间，其构造属性存在很大争议，制约了对青藏高原多岛弧盆系构造演化的理解.根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据，系统总结了该蛇绿混杂岩带的地质特征，讨论了其构造演化过程.一系列新资料及新认识表明SYMZ是分割北拉萨地块和中拉萨地块的一条独立的蛇绿混杂岩带，是特提斯构造域多岛弧盆系的组成部分.在狮泉河、拉果错、阿索、永珠、凯蒙等地发育比较典型的蛇绿岩组合，高精度年代学数据指示洋盆主体发育于178~160 Ma，比班公湖-怒江洋盆主体发育时限（188~162 Ma）要晚10 Ma左右，阿索一带蛇绿岩残片记录洋盆一直持续到113 Ma.SYMZ侏罗纪基性岩具有MORB型（洋中脊玄武岩）和IAT型（岛弧拉斑玄武岩）火山岩的地球化学性质，属于洋内弧型和洋中脊型蛇绿混杂岩；早白垩世基性岩具MORB和火山弧玄武岩的双重特性，指示其很可能形成于SSZ的构造环境，不同于同时期班公湖-怒江特提斯受地幔柱热点影响的洋盆性质.同时，在拉果错、永珠、凯蒙等地区识别出侏罗纪前弧玻安岩及玻玄岩系列，一致指示SYMZ洋壳发生过洋内俯冲.在此基础上，结合区域地质资料，构建了SYMZ特提斯洋的时空格架及构造演化历史，认为经历了晚三叠世-早侏罗世洋盆裂解-扩张、中-晚侏罗世洋内俯冲、早白垩世俯冲消减和早白垩世末期洋盆消亡四个阶段，为特提斯洋的构造演化及大地构造过程再造提供了重要的地质学证据.Abstract: The Shiquanhe-Laguoco-Yongzhu-Jiali ophiolite mélange zone (SYMZ) is located between the Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone and the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The tectonic property of the SYMZ remains controversial, which restricts the application of archipelagic arc-basin system theory to the evolution of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on recent geological survey information, research results and comprehensive data analyses, in this paper, it summarizes the geological feature and discusses the tectonic process of the SYMZ. The SYMZ represents an independent ophiolitic mélange zone dividing the north Lhasa Terrane and central Lhasa Terrane, which is part of the Tethyan archipelagic arc-basin system. The typical ophiolite mélange suites are distributed in such places as Shiquanhe, Laguoco, Aso, Yongzhu and Kaimeng, and high precision geochronology data show that the main ocean basin was formed during 178-160 Ma, which was about 10 Ma later than the formation of the Bangongco-Nujiang ocean basin (188-162 Ma). The Aso ophiolitic mélange reflects that the SYMZ ocean basin had existed until 113 Ma. The Jurassic mafic rocks of the SYMZ show the geochemistry characteristics of MORB and IAT, belonging to the Oceanic Arc and MORB type ophiolites. The Early Cretaceous mafic rocks show both MORB and arc basalt characters, suggesting they probably formed in the tectonic setting of SSZ, different from the contemporaneous Bangongco-Nujiang ocean which was influenced by the mantle plume. The Jurassic boninites and bonibasalts series places like Laguoco, Yongzhu and Kaimeng were found in this study, indicating the intra-oceanic subduction of the SYMZ oceanic slab. Combined all these new discoveries with regional geological data, the spatial-temporal framework of the SYMZ Tethyan Ocean and its tectonic evolution history are established. The SYMZ Tethyan Ocean opened and spread in Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, the intra-oceanic subduction lasted during Middle-Late Jurassic, oceanic slab subduction begun in the Early Cretaceous, and finally ocean basin was extinct in the late Early Cretaceous. This study provides important geological evidences for understanding the lithosphere evolution and tectonic process of the Tethyan.
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图 1 青藏高原构造格架简图（a）和班公湖-怒江缝合带、狮泉河-拉果错-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带时空展布及锆石年龄分布（b）
图b据Wang et al.（2016）修改；班公湖-怒江数据引自Wang et al.（2016）及其文献，SYMZ数据引用同表 1. JSSZ.金沙江缝合带; LSSZ.龙木错-双湖缝合带; BNSZ.班公湖-怒江缝合带；SYMZ.狮泉河-拉果错-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带；YZSZ.雅鲁藏布江缝合带
Fig. 1. Tectonic outline of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (a) and the Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone and Shiquanhe-Laguoco-Yongzhu-Jiali ophiolitic mélange zone in central Tibet, showing zircon U-Pb ages of the major ophiolitic massifs (b)
图 2 SYMZ蛇绿混杂岩带不同地区典型野外地质特征
a.狮泉河玄武岩与灰岩岩块接触关系；b.拉果错辉长岩；c.拉果错剪切型斜长花岗岩；d.阿索辉长岩；e.阿索硅质岩；f.永珠辉长岩-辉绿岩岩墙
Fig. 2. Photographs showing the field relations of ophiolitic rocks in the SYMZ in the Shiquanhe (a), Laguoco (b-c), Aso (d-e) and Yongzhu (f) areas of central Tibet
图 3 拉果错辉长岩锆石CL图像及U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 3. Cathodoluminescence images showing the internal structures and concordia plots of representative zircon grains from the gabbro of the Laguoco ophiolite
图 4 阿索蛇绿岩辉绿岩岩墙（a）和斜长花岗岩（b）的锆石CL图像及U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 4. Cathodoluminescence images showing the internal structures and concordia plots of representative zircon grains from the diabase (dyke) (a) and plagiogranite (b) of the Aso ophiolite
图 5 SYMZ侏罗纪基性岩岩石分类图解
底图据Winchester and Floyd（1977）.数据来源：拉果错据王保弟等（2007）、樊帅权等（2010）和Yuan et al.（2015）; 永珠据杨日红等（2003）、叶培盛等(2004, 2005)、Zhong et al.（2015）、王永胜等（2005）和Xu et al.（2014）；凯蒙据和钟铧等（2006）；下图同
Fig. 5. Classification of Jurassic mafic rocks on Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram in the SYMZ
图 6 SYMZ侏罗纪基性岩和玻安岩的Ti-V图解
底图据Shervais（1982）. Boninite.玻安岩；IAT.岛弧拉斑玄武岩；MORB.洋中脊玄武岩；OIB.洋岛玄武岩
Fig. 6. Diagram of Ti vs. V for Jurassic mafic rocks and boninites in the SYMZ
图 7 狮泉河-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带侏罗纪基性岩构造环境Nb-Zr-Y（a）和Hf-Th-Ta（b）图解
图a据Meschede (1986)；图b据Wood (1980).图a：AI.板内碱性玄武岩；AII.板内碱性玄武岩和板内拉斑玄武岩；B. E-MORB; C.板内拉斑玄武岩和火山弧玄武岩；D. N-MORB和火山弧玄武岩.图b：A. N-MORB; B. E-MORB; C.板内碱性玄武岩; D.岛弧拉斑玄武岩
Fig. 7. Diagrams of Nb-Zr-Y (a) and Hf-Th-Ta (b) showing the tectonic setting for Jurassic mafic rocks and boninites in the SYMZ
图 8 狮泉河-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带侏罗纪基性岩Nb/Ta-Th/Ta图解
Fig. 8. Diagram of Nb/Ta-Th/Ta for Jurassic mafic rocks in the SYMZ
图 9 狮泉河-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带侏罗纪基性岩Th/Yb-Nb/Yb (a)和TiO2/Yb-Nb/Yb (b)图解
Fig. 9. Diagrams of Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb (a) and TiO2/Yb vs. Nb/Yb (b) for Jurassic mafic rocks in the SYMZ
图 10 SYMZ白垩纪基性岩和侏罗纪安山岩Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2（a）和Nb-Zr-Y（b）图解
a.底图据Winchester and Floyd（1977）；b.底图据Meschede (1986)
Fig. 10. Classification of Cretaceous mafic rocks and Jurassic andesites on Nb/Y-Zr/TiO2(a)and Nb-Zr-Y(b)diagrams in the SYMZ
图 11 狮泉河-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带玻安岩和玻玄岩分类图解
Fig. 11. Classification of boninites and bonibasalts on Nb/Y vs. Zr/TiO2 diagram in the SYMZ
图 12 拉果错玻安岩稀土元素粒陨石标准化分布曲线
标准化数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 12. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern for the Laguoco boninites
图 13 玻安岩Ti/Sc-Ti/V图解（与典型玻安岩对比）
Fig. 13. Diagram of Ti/Sc vs. Ti/V for the boninites in the SYMZ
图 14 狮泉河-拉果错-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带（SYMZ）构造演化模式简图
据Pan et al.（2012）和Wang et al.（2016）修改
Fig. 14. Schematic illustration of the evolution of the Shiquanhe-Laguoco-Yongzhu-Jiali ophiolite mélange zone (SYSZ)
表 1 狮泉河-拉果错-永珠-嘉黎蛇绿混杂岩带年龄信息
Table 1. Age information of ophiolite in the Shiquanhe-Laguoco-Yongzhu-Jiali ophiolite mélange zone
地名 岩石名称 年龄（Ma） 测试方法 文献来源 狮泉河 堆晶橄榄辉石岩 193.1±3.2 SHRIMP 郑有业等，2006 闪长岩（岩墙） 165.8±1.7 SHRIMP 郑有业等，2006 辉长闪长岩（岩墙） 163.4±0.8 SHRIMP 郑有业等，2006 拉果错 斜长花岗岩 166.6±2.5 SHRIMP 张玉修等，2007 斜长花岗岩 189.8±1.9 LA-ICPMS 樊帅权等，2010 角闪岩 177.6±3.4 Ar-Ar Wang et al., 2008 角闪岩 176.0±3.9 Ar-Ar Wang et al., 2008 辉长岩 172.8±1.8 LA-ICPMS 本文 辉长岩 165.4±3.5 LA-ICPMS Yuan et al., 2015 石英闪长岩 161.2±2.7 LA-ICPMS Yuan et al., 2015 斜长花岗岩 164.6±1.6 LA-ICPMS 未发表数据 古昌 辉长岩 128.4±2.6 Ar-Ar 张宽忠等，2007 辉长岩 124.6±0.6 Ar-Ar 张宽忠等，2007 中仓 堆晶辉长岩 114.3±1.4 LA-ICPMS Xu et al., 2014 辉长岩（岩墙） 113.4±1.7 LA-ICPMS 徐梦婧等，2019 堆晶辉长岩 116.1±1.8 LA-ICPMS 徐梦婧等，2019 阿索 辉绿岩（岩墙） 118.9±0.5 LA-ICPMS 本文 斜长花岗岩 162.3±1.7 LA-ICPMS 本文 永珠 辉长岩 150.6±2.4 LA-ICPMS Zeng et al., 2018 纳木错 变辉长岩 178.0±2.9 LA-ICPMS Zhong et al., 2015 仁错 辉长岩 149.7±1.6 LA-ICPMS Zhong et al., 2015 凯蒙 橄长岩 218.2±4.6 SHRIMP 和钟铧等，2006 
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