Review on Geological Research of Oceanic Island-Seamount and Its Significance for Reconstruction of Ocean Plate
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摘要: 在中国区域大地构造研究中,对洋岛-海山/洋底高原的识别尚未引起足够重视.为深入研究中国大陆洋板块构造,系统回顾了洋岛-海山/洋底高原的基本概念、基本特征和增生造山过程.洋岛-海山/洋底高原是在海底扩张、大洋壳演化过程中由于地幔热点/柱作用形成的有异常厚度洋壳的区域,是大洋岩石圈的重要组成部分.洋岛-海山/洋底高原在垂向上具有典型的二元结构,下部以镁铁质、超镁铁质岩石为主,上部以碳酸盐岩建造为主.现今大洋盆地中大面积分布着正在演化中和正在俯冲的洋岛-海山,根据比较大地构造学原理,古洋岛-海山的存在指示古大洋盆地的存在,是研究造山带的重要载体.认为地史时期大洋盆地中有相当数量的洋岛、海山,在俯冲增生碰撞造山过程中保留下来的古洋岛-海山残块以构造岩片(块)形式夹持在俯冲增生杂岩中,随大洋盆地关闭;其作为缝合带的重要组成部分,是识别对接带的重要判别依据之一.Abstract: The identification of oceanic island-seamount/oceanic plateau has not been attended sufficiently in the regional tectonic analysis of China. In order to study the ocean plate geology of China in depth, the basic concepts, characteristics and accretionary procession of the oceanic island-seamount and ocean floor plateau are reviewed systematically in this paper. Ocean island-seamount/oceanic plateau is an area with abnormal thickness ocean crust formed by hot spot/mantle plume in the process of ocean floor spreading and ocean crust evolution. It is an important part of the oceanic lithosphere. The ocean island-seamount/oceanic plateau has a typical binary structure, with the lower part dominated by mafic and ultramafic rocks, and the upper part composed of carbonate rock formation. According to the principles of comparative tectonics, the existence of the ancient ocean island-seamount indicates the relics of the fossil ocean basin. It is an important carrier to study the orogenic belt. It is considered that there are quite a number of oceanic island-seamounts in the oceanic basin during the geological history. During the subduction-accretion to collision orogeny, the remaining fossil oceanic island-seamounts are sandwiched in the subduction-accretion complex in the form of tectonic slices (blocks), which is one of the important criteria to identify the suture zone, when the ocean closed.
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图 1 全球数字地形图,显示主要洋岛-海山/洋底高原
Fig. 1. ETOPO1 ice surface global relief model, showing main oceanic island‐seamounts/oceanic plateaus
图 2 海山地层结构模式
据Sano and Kanmera (1988)和Safonova et al.(2016)
Fig. 2. A seamount statigraphic model reconstructed from the Akiyoshi accretionary complex
图 3 海山的6个演化阶段
a.小型海山;b.中型海山;c.浅海山;d.洋岛;e.平顶山;f.海山破坏.据Staudigel and Clague (2010)
Fig. 3. Six stages of seamount evolution
图 5 洋底高原岩石组合关系示意图
据Kerr et al.(1998)和Condie (2001)
Fig. 5. Schematic rock column showing the inferred relationship of the different igneous rocks
图 6 翁通-爪哇高原深海钻探及其邻区代表岩性柱
Fig. 6. Representative lithologic column of Ontong-Java plateau deep sea drilling and its adjacent area
图 7 哥斯达黎加中部俯冲海山遥感影像显示俯冲海山的破坏形态
a.俯冲海山刚进入增生楔;b.已进入增生楔的海山;c.几乎被增生楔覆盖的海山.底图据Google Earth,地质信息据von Huene et al.(2004)
Fig. 7. Remote sensing image of central Costa Rica showing disruptive morphology from subducting seamounts
图 9 洋底高原与岛弧(a)和活动大陆边缘(b)碰撞示意图
Fig. 9. Schematic cross sections showing the possible effects of oceanic plateau collision with an island arc (a) and a subduction zone at a continental margin (b)
图 10 马鬃山杂岩中洋岛-海山组合
Fig. 10. Oceanic island/seamount relics in the Mazongshan complex
表 1 不同构造背景下火山岩层序的地球化学和地质判别特征
Table 1. Diagnostic geochemical and geological characteristics of volcanic sequences from different tectonic settings
构造环境 高MgO熔岩(> 14%) 低MgO熔岩(< 3%) Nb/La 球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式 枕状熔岩 火山喷发层 陆地喷发 深海沉积夹层 洋底高原 常见 很少 ≥1 主要平坦型 是 很少 偶然 是 洋中脊 很少 很少 ≥1 LREE亏损型 是 很少 很少 否 边缘海盆地 很少 很少 ≥1 主要平坦型 是 是 无 否 洋岛玄武岩 很少 很少 ≥1 LREE富集 是 很少 通常 很少 被动边缘 常见 很少 平坦型到LREE富集 并不都是熔岩枕状 偶然 通常 否 弧 很少 常见 远小于1 LREE富集 并不都是熔岩枕状 是 通常 很少 大陆溢流玄武岩 常见 常见 通常远小于1,少部分≥1 平坦型到LREE富集 否 偶然 是 否 注:据Kerr (2014). -
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