Whether Sanguliu Granite Provided Energy Required for Forming Wulong Gold Deposit, Liaoning Province, China?
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摘要: 辽东地区五龙金矿是华北克拉通东部一个典型的石英脉型金矿床，其成矿过程尚存争议.多种证据表明五龙金矿成矿流体属于岩浆热液，成矿时代又与距离较近的三股流岩体的侵位年龄接近，因而有一种观点认为二者密切相关.目前尚未有充足的地质证据表明三股流岩体释放了五龙金矿成矿所需要的含金岩浆热液，那么三股流岩体是否为其提供必要的能量呢？利用现有的地球化学和地球物理数据，建立三股流岩体仅作为热源驱动大气降水和释放岩浆热液的对流数值模型，模拟三股流岩体周边的流场和温度场.数值模拟结果表明，三股流岩体自侵位后可在其周边1 km范围内形成300℃以上的热场，并维持数十万年，因而有利于形成岩浆热液型矿床.然而，五龙金矿所在的位置受三股流岩体侵位后的热场影响不显著.如果三股流岩体释放了充足的岩浆热液，岩浆热液可在岩体边缘和接触带形成热液蚀变和金矿化，这与现有的地质证据不符.故五龙金矿可能与三股流岩体没有直接成因关系，而金成矿热液来源仍需深入研究.Abstract: The Wulong gold deposit located in Liaoning Province is a typical vein-type gold deposit in the eastern part of the North China craton,but how this large-scale gold deposit formed remains controversial. This deposit was interpreted to be genetically related to the Sanguliu granite because they are spatially close and have close chronological ages and the mineralizing fluids have a magmatic-hydrothermal origin. There is no sufficient evidence supporting that the Sanguliu granite provided the gold-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids required for forming the Wulong deposit,so did the former provide sufficient energy for the latter? In order to answer this question,numerical modeling of heat-driven convection of meteoric water and magmatic-hydrothermal fluids released by the Sanguliu granite was built based on its geochemical and geophysical characteristics to simulate the evolution of fluid flow and temperature after emplacement of the granite. Numerical results indicate that the temperatures within 1 km of the Sanguliu granite were elevated to over 300℃ for hundreds of thousands of years. This long high temperature filed favors formation of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits. In contrast,the position of the Wulong deposit received insignificant energy from the Sanguliu granite. If magmatic-hydrothermal fluids were released from the Sanguliu granite,those magmatic-hydrothermal fluids should have caused alteration and minerlization at the granite margin and the contact between the granite and its wallrock. However,these phenomena have not been identified in the field. Therefore,there is probably no genetic relationship between the large-scale Wulong deposit and the Sanguliu granite,and further investigations are needed to identify the source for Au-mineralizing fluids.
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图 1 辽宁五龙金矿所在的区域地质图(a)及其剖面图(b)
据肖世椰等（2018）修改; 图中B-B’为图 6的剖面线
Fig. 1. The tectonic position (a) and the profile (b) of the Wulong gold deposit, Liaoning Province
图 2 五龙金矿典型矿脉和显微照片
a.石英大脉切穿早期形成的细粒闪长岩；b.辉钼矿（Mo）交代早期形成的自形黄铁矿（Py），样品采自耗金沟矿区；c.晚期磁黄铁矿（Po）包裹早期自形黄铁矿（Py），样品采自二分矿10中段4-2#脉；d.磁黄铁矿（Po）包裹早期自形黄铁矿（Py），黄铜矿（Ccp）沿雌黄铁矿的微裂隙交代，样品采自20中段163#脉
Fig. 2. Typical ore veins of the Wulong gold deposit and their microscopic pictures
图 3 三股流岩体露头（a）和显微（b）照片
a.三股流采石场中见基性岩脉切穿三股流岩体（坐标：40° 6′12.57″N，124 °15′34.30″E），向东拍摄；b.三股流岩体在正交偏光下的显微照片; Bt.黑云母；Plg.斜长石；Qtz.石英
Fig. 3. The outcrop (a) and microscopic (b) pictures of the Sanguliu granite
图 4 水密度随温度和压力变化的曲线
根据IAPWS-95公式计算（Wagner and Pruss, 2002）
Fig. 4. Water density against temperature and pressure
图 5 由高温侵入体触发的密度驱动地下水对流循环示意图
Fig. 5. The density-driven groundwater convection triggered by emplacement of a hot magma
图 6 三股流岩体热驱动流体对流二维半空间数值模型
剖面线B-B’对应的位置见图 1b.图中所给的初始条件和边界条件见3.2节.实际模型为三维模型，另一水平方向只有1 km，含两层六面体网格
Fig. 6. The two-dimension half-space heat-driven fluid convection triggered by the Sanguliu granite
图 7 数值实验1中3万年后三股流岩体周边的温度场和流速场
箭头指示流速，箭头方向代表流体流动方向，箭头长度代表流速大小，最大流速为1.2×10-9；标尺代表温度，单位为℃
Fig. 7. The distribution of temperature and flow velocity around the Sanguliu granite after 30 000 a in the first numerical experiment
图 8 数值实验1中距离三股流岩17 km、3 km、2 km、1 km观察点的温度变化曲线
Fig. 8. The trends of temperature at the observation points 17 km, 3 km, 2 km, and 1 km away from the Sanguliu granite in the first numerical experiment
图 9 数值实验2中代表五龙金矿的3个观察点的温度曲线变化趋势
Fig. 9. The trend of temperature at the three observation points of the Wulong deposit in the second numerical experiment
图 10 数值实验3中代表五龙金矿的3个观察点的温度曲线变化趋势
Fig. 10. The trend of temperature at the three observation points of the Wulong deposit in the third numerical experiment
图 11 数值实验4中代表五龙金矿的3个观察点的温度曲线变化趋势
Fig. 11. The trend of temperature at the three observation points of the Wulong deposit in the fourth numerical experiment
图 12 数值实验5中岩浆热液以1.35×10-4 m3/s速率释放40万年后热场和流速场的分布
箭头指示流速，箭头方向代表流体流动方向，箭头长度代表流速大小，最大流速为2.2.×10-9m/s；标尺代表温度，单位为°C.红色框指示大气降水与岩浆热液交汇的区域
Fig. 12. The distribution of temperature and fluid velocity after releasing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids at a rate of 1.35×10-4 m3/s by 0.4 Ma in the fifth numerical experiment
图 13 数值实验5中岩浆热液以6.75×10-5 m3/s（a）和1.35×10-4 m3/s（b）速率释放时五龙金矿的3个观察点的温度曲线变化趋势
Fig. 13. The evolution of temperature at the three observation points of the Wulong deposit after releasing magmatic-hydrothermal fluids at a rate of 6.75×10-5 m3/s (a) and 1.35×10-4 m3/s (b) in the fifth numerical experiment
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