Advance in the Study of Global Conodont during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Upheavals
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摘要:
古-中生代之交发生了许多重要的地质事件，包括“Pangea”大陆的解体、大火成岩省的喷发、晚古生代大冰期的消逝、极端高温事件、两次生物大灭绝以及迟缓的生物复苏等.牙形石作为该时期主要的标准化石，是进行地层对比以及生物与环境协同演化研究的重要依据.近些年，此阶段的牙形石相关研究取得了许多重要的进展，这些新的材料和技术手段上的突破，为人们进行高精度的地层对比、定量重建该时期地球的生物及环境演变起到了关键作用.本文系统地对该时期全球牙形石的研究，包括牙形石的生物学、地层学以及地球化学研究等进行了总结，也提出了部分亟待解决的问题.未来，随着更多技术手段的开发以及更多基础材料的发现，将加强研究人员对该时期牙形石演化的理解，必然也会在研究这段地质历史转折与突变期的古海洋、古环境、古生物过程中发挥更大的作用.
Abstract:Numerous geological events took place during the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic upheavals, including breakup of the Pangea supercontinent, eruptions of large igneous provinces, ending of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, extremely hot temperatures, two mass extinctions, and delayed ecosystem recovery. As the main index fossil of this interval, conodont is an important basis for stratigraphic correlation and the co-evolution history of organisms and the environment. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved through the study of Permian and Early Triassic conodonts and its related researches, which plays an important role in understanding the biotic and environment evolutions. The researches about Permian and Early Triassic conodonts have been summarized in this paper, including conodont biology, stratigraphy, and geochemistry. Moreover, some issues which have remained being overlooked or un-solved are also presented. In the future, the development of more technical approaches and the discoveries of more basic materials would be favored for more deep studies on the evolution of the conodont during this interval, which will further play an indispensable role in paleo-oceanic, paleo-environmental and paleontological studies during this transitional and mutational geologic history.
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Key words:
- conodont /
- Late Permian /
- Early Triassic /
- Paleo⁃environment /
- bio⁃stratigraphy /
- stratigraphy
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图 1 二叠纪-早三叠世最早期牙形石带，包括40个可全球对比的牙形石带及35个地方性牙形石带(修改自Henderson, 2016)
Fig. 1. Permian-Earliest Triassic conodont zonation, including 40 global-correlative conodont zones and 35 regional conodont zones (modified from Henderson, 2016)
图 3 国际二叠纪-三叠纪年代地层划分及界线层型“金钉子”化石研究现状
1.菊石“金钉子”; 2.有望以牙形石作为“金钉子”; 3.已确认的金钉子; 4.牙形石“金钉子”; 界线年龄引自2021年5月国际年代地层表
Fig. 3. Division of Permian-Triassic international chronostratigraphic units and locations of the GSSPs
图 4 物种x在时间和空间上的分布
修改自Guex et al. (1991); J(x)表示该物种x在地层中出现的集合，G表示物种x的生存范围，T表示物种在地质历史中存在的时间范围
Fig. 4. Tempo and space distributions of species x
图 5 二叠纪牙形石氧同位素变化曲线(修改自Chen et al., 2013a)
Fig. 5. Permian conodont oxygen isotopes curves (modified from Chen et al., 2013a)
图 6 蓬莱滩、铁桥剖面牙形石氧同位素变化曲线及海平面变化(修改自Chen et al., 2011)
Fig. 6. Conodont oxygen isotopes curves and sea level changes of the Penglaitan and Tieqiao sections (modified from Chen et al., 2011)
图 7 早三叠世牙形石锶同位素、海水温度、氧化还原状态及海平面变化曲线(修改自Song et al., 2015)
Fig. 7. Sr isotpes, temperature, redox conditions of the sea water and sea level change during the Early Triassic (modified from Song et al., 2015)
图 8 早三叠牙形石演化过程中“返祖现象”(修改自Guex, 2016)
Fig. 8. "Retrograde" evolution of the conodont during the Early Triassic (modified from Guex, 2016)
a. "Neospathodus" arcucristatus; b. Protoclarkina crofri; c. Clarkina bitteri; d. C. meishanensis; e. C. krystyni; a'. Kashmirella timorensis; b'. Paragondolella regale; c'. P. excels
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