Provenance and Tectonic Environment of Lower Devonian Apadalkan Formation in Southwest Tianshan
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摘要: 晚古生代是南天山洋盆演化的关键时段，通过对南天山晚古生代沉积记录进行研究，对于恢复南天山晚古生代构造古地理，揭示南天山晚古生代构造演化具有十分重要的意义.西南天山别迭里地区泥盆系出露齐全，是研究南天山晚古生代构造演化的有效载体.对西南天山下泥盆统阿帕达尔坎组砂岩进行了岩石地球化学、重矿物特征，以及碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究，探讨了其沉积物质来源及地质意义.结果表明，砂岩以石英砂岩与岩屑砂岩为主，其岩屑组分以中酸性火山岩为主.砂岩CIA值和ICV值平均为63.1和1.19，属于中等程度风化作用，经历了一定的分选再旋回过程.重矿物以锆石、磷灰石、金红石等为主，分选磨圆较差.ATi指数为20.0~47.2，ZTR指数为20~60，反映阿帕达尔坎组物源区的火山岩较为发育，且搬运距离近.地球化学物源分析图解及重矿物特征均指示母岩以长英质岩浆岩为主，其次为再循环古老沉积物组分.砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分5期：主要为397~486 Ma、669~959 Ma，其次为1 190~1 476 Ma、1 782~2 094 Ma、2 300~3 660 Ma.表明物源区地质体主要为早古生代、新元古代，其次为新太古代、古元古代、中元古代，与塔里木克拉通北缘岩浆岩带和前寒武基底岩浆活动事件比较吻合，指示物源来自塔里木北缘.构造判别图解显示阿帕达尔坎组为活动大陆边缘环境下的产物.Abstract: The Late Paleozoic is the key period of ocean basin evolution in South Tianshan. By studying the Late Paleozoic sedimentary records, we can restore Late Paleozoic paleogeography and reveal tectonic evolution history of the South Tianshan. The Devonian strata are well preserved in the Biedieli area of Southwest Tianshan, as an important carrier for the study of the early Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan. In this paper, in order to reveal their source and geological significance, we study the geochemical characteristics, heavy mineral characteristics and geochronological data of sandstone in Lower Devonian Apadalkan Formation. The CIA and ICV of sandstone are 63.1 and 1.19, respectively, showing that the sandstone belongs to intermediate weathering and has experienced sorting and recycling. The heavy minerals are mainly zircon, apatite, rutile, etc., and their sorting and roundness are poor. The ATi and ZTR index is 20.0-47.2 and 20-60, respectively, indicating the volcanic rocks in the source area of the Apadalkan Formation were abundant, and their transportation distance was relatively short. The geochemical provenance analysis diagram and heavy mineral characteristics indicate that the source rock is mainly felsic magmatic rocks, followed by recycled ancient sediment components. According to the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb ages of detrital zircon grains, the source rocks of Apadalkan Formation are derived from terrains with five different geological periods, mostly 407-486 Ma and 669-959 Ma, and subordinately 1 190-1 476 Ma, 1 782-2 094 Ma and 2 300-3 660 Ma, indicating that source rocks are mostly derived from Early Paleozoic and Neoproterozoic, followed by Neoarchean, Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic. They are equivalent to magmatic event on the northern margin and the Precambrian basement of the Tarim. It also indicates that the materials of Apadalkan Formation are mainly derived from the northern margin of Tarim. The Tectonic discriminant diagrams show that the Apadalkan Formation is a product of an active continental margin environment.
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Key words:
- southwest Tianshan /
- Biedieli /
- Lower Devonian /
- chronology of detrital zircon /
- provenance /
- tectonics /
- geochemistry
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图 1 南天山地质简图
据钟凌林（2019）修改. STS.南天山; CTS.中天山; NTS.南天山; NLF.那拉提断裂
Fig. 1. Regional geology of South Tianshan
图 2 西南天山区域地质简图与剖面位置
据王超等（2009）和Alexeiev et al. (2016)修改
Fig. 2. Regional geology of the study area and profile locations
图 3 阿帕达尔坎组岩性柱状图
Fig. 3. Stratigraphic and lithologic column map of Apadalkan Formation
图 4 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩镜下结构特征
Q.石英；Pl.长石；L.岩屑
Fig. 4. The micrograph feature of lithic sandstone of Apadalkan Formation
图 5 碎屑岩的lg(Fe2O3/K2O)-lg(SiO2/Al2O3)变异图(据Herron, 1988)
Fig. 5. Geochemical plot for lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation (after Herron, 1988)
图 6 下泥盆统阿帕达尔坎组砂岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式（a）和稀土元素PAAS标准化模式（b）
a. 标准化值据Boynton, 1984；b. 标准化值据Hu and Gao, 2008
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized rare element diagram (a) and PAAS-normalized rare earth element diagram (b) of sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
图 7 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb谐和图（a）及碎屑锆石阴极发光图像（b）
Fig. 7. Concordia diagram of zircon data (a) and cathodoluminescence images of zircons (b) of lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
图 8 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩风化程度A-CN-K图解（据Nesbitt and Young, 1982)
Fig. 8. A-CN-K of lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation (Nesbitt and Young, 1982)
图 9 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩成分分选与再旋回Th/Sc-Zr/Sc图解（据李晨等，2021）
Fig. 9. The Th/Sc-Zr/Sc diagram(Li et al., 2021)of lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
图 10 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩物源判别图
a.据Roser and Korsch, 1988；b.据王金贵等，2020；c.据Floyd and Leveridge, 1987
Fig. 10. Provenance discrimination diagrams for lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
图 11 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩碎屑锆石年龄频谱图（据Zhang et al., 2013）
Fig. 11. Detrital zircon age frequency histogram of lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation (Zhang et al., 2013)
图 12 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩主量元素构造环境判别
a、b、c. 据Bhatia，1983；d. 据Roser and Korsch, 1986. PM.被动大陆边缘；ACM.活动大陆边缘；CIA.大陆岛弧；OIA.大洋岛弧
Fig. 12. The major element discrimination diagrams of tectonic settings for lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
图 13 阿帕达尔坎组砂岩微量元素构造环境判别
据Bhatia and Crook（1986）. PM.被动大陆边缘；ACM.活动大陆边缘；CIA.大陆岛弧；OIA.大洋岛弧
Fig. 13. The trace element discrimination diagrams of tectonic settings for lithic sandstone from Apadalkan Formation
表 1 不同构造背景砂岩稀土元素（10-6）特征比较
Table 1. REE (10-6) characteristics of sandstone from different tectonic environments
构造背景 La Ce ∑REE La/Yb (La/Yb)N LREE/HREE Eu/Eu* 大洋岛弧（Ma） 8.0±1.7 19.0±3.7 58±10 4.2±1.3 2.8±0.9 8.8±0.9 1.04±0.11 大陆岛弧（Ma） 27.0±4.5 59.0±8.2 146±20 11.0±3.6 7.5±2.5 7.7±1.7 0.79±0.13 安第斯型活动大陆边缘 37.0 78.0 185 12.5 8.5 9.1 0.60 被动大陆边缘 39.0 85.0 210 15.9 10.8 8.5 0.56 阿帕达尔坎组 31.0 55.3 147.8 13.7 9.2 8.3 0.64 注：大洋岛弧、大陆岛弧、活动大陆边缘、被动大陆边缘数据据Bhatia and Crook（1986）. 
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