Geochronology and Sources of the Giant Xiaokeng Kaolin Deposit in Southern Jiangxi Province: Insight from U-Pb Ages of Zircon and Monazite, and Hf Isotopic Compositions
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摘要: 华南是我国风化型高岭土矿床的重要分布区，但鲜有三叠纪岩浆岩形成的风化型高岭土矿床的报道. 小坑高岭土矿床是赣南地区新近发现的超大型风化型高岭土矿床，远景资源量超30 Mt. 本文以该矿床为研究对象，开展了高岭土矿LA-ICPMS锆石和独居石U-Pb定年及Hf同位素研究，精确限定其原岩形成时代和岩浆源区. 锆石U-Pb法厘定该矿床成矿原岩年龄为231~230 Ma. 独居石为岩浆成因，其U-Pb年龄为230±1 Ma. 晚三叠世锆石εHf(t)=‒19.9~‒1.2，二阶段Hf模式年龄TDM2=2 228~1 198 Ma. Hf同位素及1 018~987 Ma的继承锆石表明小坑矿床成矿原岩来源于中‒新元古代基底物质的熔融，且有部分幔源物质加入. 小坑高岭土矿床的发现表明华南地区晚三叠世含电气石白云母(二云母)花岗岩可形成优质高岭土，拓展了高岭土矿找矿方向.Abstract: Weathering-type kaolin deposits are widespread in South China, and they are associated with the intense intermediate-acid magmatism of granitic rocks and dikes. Ore-related magmatism were dominantly formed during the Caledonian and Yanshanian. However, no Kaolin mineralization associated with Triassic magmatism has been reported in South China so far. The Xiaokeng kaolin deposit, which has been discovered and explored recently, is a giant deposit with mineral resources more than 30 Mt in southern Jiangxi Province. The kaolin ore-bodies distribute on the surface of a muscovite granite as stratoid or crescent in shapes. It is a weathering-type kaolin deposit associated with granite and is characterized by low contents of iron and titanium. In this paper, the U-Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating of zircon and monazite, and Lu-Hf isotopes of zircon on kaolin ore are documented, in order to study the age and magmatic sources of ore-related granite. Mean ages of 231±2 to 230±2 Ma were obtained for two samples of zircon with intercept ages of 232±5 to 231±3 Ma. Based on micro-textures, and contents and ratios of trace and rare earth elements, a magmatic origin was proposed for monazite from kaolin ore at Xiaokeng. A yielded age of 230±1 Ma was obtained using U-Pb dating at monazite grains. These ages indicate that the ore-related granite was formed during the Late Triassic. Late Triassic zircon grains have εHf(t) values ranging from -19.9 to -1.2 with two-stages Hf model ages (TDM2) of 2 228-1 198 Ma. These Hf isotopic values, together with the presence of two Meso- to Neoproterozoic inherited zircon grains (1 018-987 Ma), indicate that the ore-related granite in the Xiaokeng deposit was originated from partial melting of Meso- to Neoproterozoic basement beneath South China, with minor contribution of mantle sources. This study on ages and sources of kaolin ore at Xiaokeng, not only suggests that Late Triassic tourmaline bearing muscovite or two-mica granites in South China can form high-quality weathering-type kaolin, but also expands the prospecting direction of kaolin deposits.
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图 1 华南地区三叠纪岩浆分布简图(a)(修改自Zhao et al., 2013和Xia and Xu, 2020)和小坑高岭土矿床地质图(b)
PJSF. Pingxiang-Jiangshan-Shaoxing Fault；BLF. Binxian-Linwu Fault；ZDF. Zhenghe-Dapu Fault. 三叠纪花岗岩数据来源: 浦北、旧州、台马和锡田S型花岗岩据邓希光等(2004)、Wang et al. (2013)和刘飚等(2022)；蔡江、高溪、翁山、大爽、大银厂、富城、邓阜仙等A型花岗岩据Sun et al. (2011)、Wang et al. (2013)、Zhao et al. (2013)、Gao et al. (2014)、Cai et al. (2015)和Xia and Xu (2020)；罗古岩I型花岗岩据向庭富等(2013)
Fig. 1. Simplified map showing the distribution of Triassic magmatism in South China (a) (modified from Zhao et al., 2013, and Xia and Xu, 2020), and geological map of the Xiaokeng kaolin deposit (b)
图 2 小坑高岭土矿25线勘探线剖面
Fig. 2. Geological cross-section No. 25 in the Xiaokeng kaolin deposit
图 4 小坑高岭土矿锆石CL图像及U-Pb定年结果
e和f为XGL-1和XGL-2合并结果
Fig. 4. Cathodoluminescence images of zircon grains from ores in the Xiaokeng kaolin deposit showing sites of U-Pb (solid circles) analyses
图 5 小坑高岭土矿独居石BSE图像及U-Pb定年结果
Fig. 5. BSE images of monazite grains from ores in theXiaokeng kaolin deposit showing sites of U-Pb (solid circles) analyses
图 6 小坑高岭土矿独居石成因判别图解(底图修改自梁晓等, 2022)
Fig. 6. Discrimination diagrams of monazite from the Xiaokeng kaolin deposit (base map modified from Liang et al. 2022)
图 7 小坑高岭土矿锆石Hf同位素组成图解
数据来源: 华南基底据周雪瑶等(2015)；晚三叠世S型花岗岩据邓希光等(2004)；晚三叠世A型花岗岩据Zhao et al. (2013)；晚三叠世I型花岗岩据向庭富等(2013)
Fig. 7. Diagrams of Hf isotopic compositions of zircon grains from the Xiaokeng kaolin deposit
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