Quantitative Assessment of Calcite Scaling of a High Temperature Geothermal Production Well: Hydrogeochemistry—Application to the Yangbajing Geothermal Fields, Tibet
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摘要: 高温地热井井筒结垢是地热开发遇到的突出问题之一，其中涉及到复杂的水文地球化学过程.本文首先联合井筒两相流动、水‒气‒结垢物水文地球化学和井壁粘附模型，建立了井筒碳酸钙结垢定量评价的耦合模型.针对西藏羊八井地热田典型井开展了井口取样和分析，结果显示井筒结垢物为碳酸钙，地热流体中碳酸盐矿物过饱和，非凝结气体主要成分是CO2.利用建立的耦合模型及实测流体数据，定量评价了井筒碳酸钙的结垢位置和速率，并给出了其在井筒中的结垢形状.CO2分压对碳酸钙的析出有控制性的作用，最大结垢厚度位置发生在闪蒸面以上10~20 m位置，持续1年的开采最大结垢厚度在考虑井筒粘附动力学时为14~25 mm，假设完全粘附条件下为200 mm.流体中CO2含量越高，结垢厚度也越大.Abstract: Wellbore scaling in high temperature geothermal fields is one of the prominent problems encountered in geothermal development, which involves complex hydrogeochemical processes. In this paper, a coupling model for quantitative assessment of wellbore scaling, including two-phase flow, hydrogeochemical reactions among water-gas-scaling minerals and wellbore adhesion, was established. The wellhead sampling for water, gas and mineral was carried out in typical geothermal wells in the Yangbajing geothermal field. The analysis results show that calcite is the dominant scaling-formed mineral. The geothermal fluid is supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals. CO2 is the main non-condensable gas in the fluid. Finally, this paper evaluates the location and rate of calcite scaling based on the established model and measured fluid results. The results show that CO2 partial pressure has controlling effect on the precipitation of calcite. The maximum scaling thickness with 14-25 mm occurs 10-20 m above the flash depth for one-year production. Under the assumption that all the precipitation of calcite adheres to the wellbore wall, the scaling thickness is about 200 mm. The high CO2 content in the fluid results in greater thickness of scaling.
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Key words:
- high-temperature geothermal /
- wellbore scaling /
- calcite /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- quantitative assessment /
- hydrogeology
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图 3 羊八井地热田井筒结垢：(a)井口结垢物，(b)分离器中获取的结垢物
Fig. 3. Wellbore scaling in the Yangbajing geothermal field: (a) wellhead scaling, (b) scaled mineral from the separator
图 4 不同CO2分压条件下井底Ca浓度和pH
Fig. 4. Calculated Ca concentration and pH at different CO2 partial pressures
图 7 井底CO2质量含量为0.04%情况下的结垢厚度：(a)采用结垢粘附模型，(b)析出的结垢物假设全粘附
Fig. 7. Scaling thickness with 0.04% CO2 content: (a) with the adhesion model, (b) with completed adhesion
图 8 井底CO2质量含量为0.08%情况下的结垢厚度：(a)采用结垢粘附模型，(b)析出的结垢物假设全粘附
Fig. 8. Scaling thickness with 0.08% CO2 content: (a) with the adhesion model, (b) with completed adhesion
表 1 水样测试和分析结果
Table 1. Water samples test and analysis results
项目 ZK304 ZK303 ZK324 现场测量 T(oC) 85.6 84.7 85.0 EC (mS/cm) 2.32 2.38 2.35 Ca (mg/L) 1.80 1.44 1.76 pHa 8.55 8.63 8.56 HCO3- (mg/L) 190.3(258.49b) 248.9(347.73 b) 249.3(345.39 b) CO32- (mg/L) 163.2(8.30 b) 124.8(11.16 b) 105.6(11.09 b) 水中主要成分(mg/L) Na 347.8 400.9 389.8 K 43.2 50.0 48.0 Ca 1.52 1.52 1.57 Mg 0.28 0.10 0.13 Cl 406.5 441.7 422.4 SO4 48.3 52.0 51.3 SiO2 193.3 225.9 214.3 Li 8.87 10.3 9.81 F 11.5 12.5 12.3 Br 1.62 1.16 2.02 TDS 1 200.42 1 381.06 1 335.40 非凝结气体体积含量(%) CO2 97.72 99.35 94.77 N2 1.52 0.01 5.08 H2S 0.71 0.59 0.07 CH4 0.05 0.05 0.08 典型矿物饱和指数(SI) 碳酸钙 0.23 0.38 0.36 白云石 1.41 1.32 1.36 石膏 -3.69 -3.75 -3.71 水化学分类 Cl·HCO3-Na Cl·HCO3-Na Cl·HCO3-Na 注：a在现场采样温度下测量；b理论计算.室内实测在中国地质大学(武汉)生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室进行. 
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表 2 井下流体样品的基本测试结果
Table 2. Basic analysis results of downhole fluid samples
井号 取样时间 井下深度
(m)温度(℃) pH Ca浓度
(mg/L)ZK319 1983/08/21 100 5.74 15.2 ZK323 1984/06/07 140 141 5.73 14.0 ZK303 1984/07/07 260 161 6.54 24.4 ZK306 1983/09/08 153 6.30 10.3 ZK321 1984/07/07 120 152 6.17 13.0 ZK313 1984/08/06 60 139 6.35 13.2 ZK327 1984/08/11 70 154 6.11 14.5 ZK335 1984/08/16 90 158 6.26 14.0 ZK325 1984/08/21 90 160 6.07 12.7 ZK328 1984/09/05 70 158 5.98 13.6 平均值 152.9 6.13 14.49
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表 3 井底流体化学组分计算结果
Table 3. Calculated results of chemical composition of the downhole fluid
组分 CO2分压为1 bar CO2分压为2 bar 浓度(mol/kg) 元素占比(%) 浓度(mol/kg) 元素占比(%) Na Na+ 1.50×10-2 99.2 1.50×10-2 99.2 NaCl(aq) 7.50×10-5 0.5 7.48×10-5 0.5 NaHCO3(aq) 1.17×10-5 0.1 1.21×10-5 0.1 NaSO4- 3.74×10-5 0.2 3.66×10-5 0.2 K K+ 1.09×10-3 99.1 1.09×10-3 99.1 KCl(aq) 2.42×10-6 0.2 2.41×10-6 0.2 KSO4- 8.21×10-6 0.7 8.04×10-6 0.7 Ca Ca2+ 9.82×10-5 70.7 1.85×10-4 71.4 CaCO3(aq) 4.09×10-6 2.9 4.09×10-6 1.6 CaHCO3+ 2.72×10-5 19.6 5.29×10-5 20.4 CaSO4(aq) 8.64×10-6 6.2 1.59×10-5 6.1 CaCl+ 6.29×10-7 0.5 1.18×10-6 0.5 Mg Mg2+ 4.37×10-6 38.0 4.42×10-6 38.5 MgCl+ 1.04×10-7 0.9 1.04×10-7 0.9 MgHCO3+ 1.27×10-6 11.0 1.32×10-6 11.5 MgCO3(aq) 3.24×10-8 0.3 1.74×10-8 0.2 MgSO4(aq) 5.69×10-6 49.5 5.62×10-6 48.9 Li Li+ 1.28×10-3 99.9 1.27×10-3 99.9 LiCl(aq) 1.41×10-6 0.1 1.40×10-6 0.1 C CO2(aq) 8.94×10-3 54.6 1.79×10-2 69.9 HCO3- 7.38×10-3 45.1 7.63×10-3 29.8 CaHCO3+ 2.72×10-5 0.2 5.29×10-5 0.2 S SO42- 4.42×10-4 87.9 4.35×10-4 86.6 CaSO4(aq) 8.64×10-6 1.7 1.59×10-5 3.2 KSO4- 8.21×10-6 1.6 8.04×10-6 1.6 MgSO4(aq) 5.69×10-6 1.1 5.62×10-6 1.1 NaSO4- 3.74×10-5 7.4 3.66×10-5 7.3 Cl Cl- 1.14×10-2 100 1.14×10-2 100 Si SiO2(aq) 3.18×10-3 98.8 3.20×10-3 99.4 H3SiO4- 1.15×10-5 0.4 5.99×10-6 0.2 HSiO3- 2.19×10-5 0.7 1.14×10-5 0.4
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